How to write
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This document provides guidance for writing research papers and publications. It discusses key sections of a research paper such as the title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references. For each section, it provides details on what to include and best practices. The goal is to write papers that are informative, accurately summarize the research, and can be understood by other experts in the field.
How to write
- 2. RReesseeaarrcchh aanndd PPuubblliiccaattiioonn • “The world is just awesome” (Discovery) • “Question Everything” (Discovery Science) • "Dare to Explore". "Live Curious". "Think again.“ (National Geographic) • “Big ideas are nothing unless they're shared” (BBC Knowledge)
- 3. TTiittllee • Should be informative it summarizes as specifically, accurately, and concisely as possible what the paper is about • Should reflect the significance of the work • Include information about the research subject matter and the contribution of the paper • Avoid the use of unnecessary words “A recent study on” and “Notes on…” • One frequent mistake in the title is using acronyms and initials
- 4. AAbbssttrraacctt • A brief summary of the research and its significance • It is important because most readers will only read the abstract to determine its relevance to their research interests and to decide whether they need to explore the entire paper • The abstract also plays an important role as “the first impression” to the editor and the reviewers. Thus, it deserves significant effort in polishing and editing.
- 5. AAbbssttrraacctt • A typical abstract should include: – Background, Aim, Purpose An introduction to the research area and problem statement To determine, to examine, to describe, to review – Setting* Where the research was held at – Materials and Methods The general research procedures and methods utilized – Results A highlight of research findings and results – The expected significance in the field Conclusion
- 6. AAbbssttrraacctt • Avoid using words such as “for the first time”, “new” and “novel” in the abstract and the title because the research work may not be new; therefore, it should be not be submitted for publication • Conclusion High magnitude • Use “may”, “maybe” and avoid “do”, “does”, “is”, “are” in Conclusion
- 7. KKeeyywwoorrddss • 5 or 6 words • Allow others to see • Use the most “searchable” words
- 8. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn • The highlight • Through the introduction, readers develop impressions about: – Are you really an expert in the field and know what you are doing/saying? – Do you know the mainstream, evolution, and challenges of the research field? – Do you motivate yourself?
- 9. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn • Specify the research area • The magnitude and importance of the study • The purpose and benefit of the study • The goal and contribution of the study • Review the relevant knowledge and give credit to previous works • Point out the controversy or limitation in previous studies
- 10. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn • Implicit sentences of the hypothesis • The abbreviation
- 11. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn • An impressive introduction, for example, can have the following strategy in writing: – There is a technological obstacle: the present study is aimed to overcome the barrier – There is a phenomenon of fundamental interests: the present study is to understand underlying mechanisms. – There is a controversy in previous theories: the present study is aimed to prove or disapprove one such theory
- 12. MMaatteerriiaallss aanndd MMeetthhooddss • Setting conducted • Design • Declare that all steps in the study ethically meet Declaration of Helsinki and particular center ethical council • Clinical grading, definition or criterion • Role, process and procedure of study Who and How • Specific material used What • Statistic analysis (test and software used) and significance criterion
- 13. RReessuullttss • Determines the merit of the work • Presenting the data • Informative Tables • Informative Figures • Statistic analysis • Significance of analysis
- 14. FFiigguurree • Tell what the figure is about • Tell the highlight • Explain what the general observations are • Explain the significance by pointing out the most important features in the figure • Helping the audience to understand the value of the information
- 15. DDiissccuussssiioonn • Explain the result in detail • Determines the “new founds” of the work to Whom, Where, When, Why its and How its work, What its mean “Its should be…” or “its supposed to be…” • It should flow smoothly by following the order of the tables and figures under statistical analysis • Compared with previous studies
- 16. DDiissccuussssiioonn • Be clear among common sense, clinical significance and statistical significance • Limitation of the study* • Puts the results in the context of the hypothesis in the Introduction • Explain What is really happen? • What is the suggestion
- 17. WWoorrddss tthhoossee wwiiddeellyy uusseedd iinn ddiissccuussssiioonn • Particularly • Obviously • Numerous • Slightly • Consecutively • Respectively • Successively • Sequentially • In accordance • The concordance • Interpreted • Predominant • Exceed • Interestingly
- 18. AAvvooiiddeedd wwoorrddss • Harmony • Awesome • Stunning • Magnificent • Wonderful • Beautiful • Majestic • Astonishing • Great • Huge • Amazing • Marvelous • Fabulous • Gorgeous • Lovable • Adorable
- 19. AAcckknnoowwlleeddggmmeennttss:: EExxaammppllee • The authors thank Prof Sjamsu Boediono MD, Andika Prahasta MD PhD, Anang Tribowo MD PhD, Apsari D Kusumastuti MD PhD, and Andrew P Watts MD PhD for their support and advice.
- 20. DDiisscclloossuurree:: EExxaammppllee • The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
- 21. RReeffeerreenncceess:: EExxaammppllee 1. Pardianto G, Moeloek N, Reveny J, Wage S, Satari I, Sembiring R, Srisamran N (2013) Retinal thickness changes after phacoemulsification. Clin Ophthalmol 7:2207–2214 2. Pardianto G. 2014’s MataPedia. 1st ed. Medan: Perdana Publishing; 2014. How to cite a source in the discussion is extremely important to avoid plagiarism.
- 22. Remember • Use proper and official English • Use (for example): Medical School or School of Medicine
- 23. TThhee mmaannuussccrriipptt • Submit your paper to any international accredited meeting • Submit your paper to any PubMed, NLM and NIH indexed International Journal • It is not just about your self actuality • It is not just for institution • It is about the idea and inspiration • Make your work matters • Make your own legacy • Make it everlasting
- 24. LLaasstt qquuootteess • "I know that I know nothing“, or "I know one thing: that I know nothing“, or “Ipse se nihil scire id unum sciat”, or “Scio me nihil scire“, or “Scio me nescire“. (Socrates) • “In the end only kindness matters”. (Jewel)