Humanism -phpapp01

Definition:
An approach in study, philosophy,
or practice that focuses on human
values and concerns.
A system of thought that rejects
religious beliefs and centers on
humans and their values,
capacities, and worth.

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
An American
psychologist.
Born in April 1, 1908
and was raised in
Brooklyn, New York,
and died in June 8,
1970.
Father of Humanistic
Psychology.

Humanistic Theory of Learning
Maslow’s theory is based on the notion
that experience is the primary
phenomenon in the study of human
learning and behavior. He placed
emphasis on choice, creativity, values,
self-realization, all distinctively human
qualities, and believed that
meaningfulness and subjectivity were
more important than objectivity.

Maslow rejected behaviorist views
and Freud’s theories on the basis of
their reductionistic approaches. He
felt Freud’s view of human nature
was negative, and he valued
goodness, nobility, and reason.
Also, Freud concentrated on
mentally ill, and Maslow was
interested in healthy human
psychology.

Maslow and his colleagues came to
refer to their movement as “third
force psychology”.
1. Psychoanalysis
2. Behaviorism
3. Humanism/Existentialism
Maslow is famous for proposing that
human motivation is based on the
Hierarchy of needs.

Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
- These are biological needs. They
consist of needs for oxygen, food,
water, and a relatively constant body
temperature. They are the strongest
needs because if a person were
deprived of all needs, the
physiological ones would come first in
the person's search for satisfaction.

Hierarchy of Needs
Safety Needs
- When all physiological needs are
satisfied and are no longer controlling
thoughts and behaviors, the needs for
security can become active. Adults have
little awareness of their security needs
except in times of emergency or periods
of disorganization in the social
structure.

Hierarchy of Needs
Needs of Love, Affection and
Belongingness
- Maslow states that people
seek to overcome feelings of
loneliness and alienation. This
involves both giving and
receiving love, affection and the
sense of belonging.

Hierarchy of Needs
Needs for Esteem
- These involve needs for both self-
esteem and for the esteem a person gets
from others. Humans have a need for a
stable, firmly based, high level of self-
respect, and respect from others. When
these needs are satisfied, the person
feels self-confident and valuable as a
person in the world.

Hierarchy of Needs
Needs for Self-Actualization
- Maslow describes self-
actualization as a person's need to
be and do that which the person
was "born to do." These needs
make themselves felt in signs of
restlessness. The person feels on
edge, tense, lacking something, in
short, restless.

Maslow proposed other goals of
learning, including the following:
1. one’s vocation or destiny
2. knowledge of values
3. realization of life as precious
4. acquisition of peak experiences
5. sense of accomplishment

6. satisfaction of psychological
needs
7. awareness of beauty and wonder
of life
8. impulse control
9. developing choice
10. grappling with the critical
existential problems of life.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Born January 8, 1902
in Oak Park, Illinois
and a suburb of
Chicago.
Best known for his
contributions to
therapy.
Died on February 4,
1987.

Humanistic Psychology
“People are essentially trustworthy,
that they have a vast potential for
understanding themselves and
resolving their own problems
without direct intervention on the
therapist’s part, and that they are
capable of self-directed growth if
they are involved in a specific kind
of therapeutic relationship.”

He was reactive against the traditional
psychoanalytic techniques such as
advice, suggestion, direction,
persuasion, teaching, diagnosis and
interpretation. Humanistic psychology
included existential therapy, person-
centered and Gestalt therapy and all
have in common basic tenets such as
freedom, choice, values, responsibility,
autonomy, purpose and meaning.

Actualization Tendency
“There is one central source of
energy in the human organism; it is
a function of the whole organism
rather than some portion of it; and
it is perhaps best conceptualized as
a tendency toward fulfillment,
toward actualization, toward the
maintenance and enhancement of
the organism.”

Carl Rogers sees people as
basically good or healthy or at very
least, not bad or ill. In other words,
he sees mental health as the
normal progression of life, and he
sees mental illness, criminality,
and other human problems, as
distortions of that natural
tendency.

Roger’s theory is built on a single
“force of life” he calls “the
actualizing tendency”.
It can be defined as the built-in
motivation present in every life—
form to develop its potentials to
the fullest extent possible.

Rogers captures with the single great
need or motive all other motives that
other theorists talk about. He asks us:
a. Why do we want air, water, and food?
b. Why do we seek safety, love, and a
sense of competence?
c. Why, indeed, do we seek to discover
new medicines, invent new power
sources, or create new works of art?

Organismic Valuing
“One of the basic things which I was
a long time in realizing, and which I
am still learning, is that when an
activity feels as though it is valuable
or worth doing, it is worth doing.
Put another way, I have learned that
my total organismic sensing of a
situation is more trustworthy than
my intellect.”

Organismic Valuing
Rogers tells us that organisms
know what is good for them.
Rogers, like Maslow, is just as
interested in describing the
healthy person. His term is
“fully-functioning”, and
involves the ff. qualities:

a.openness to experience
b.Existential living
c.Organismic trusting
d.Experiential freedom
e.creativity

Viktor Frankl (1905-1997)
Australian, born
March 26, 1905
Dreamed to
become a physician
at age 4
Conducted his
theory on therapy
Died September 2,
1997.

Logotherapy
From Greek word Logos, which
mean study, word, spirit, God, or
meaning.
Postulates “a will to meaning”
Frankl also uses the Greek word
noos, which means mind or
spirit.

Logotherapy
In addition, Frankl says that
we should pay attention to
noodynamics, wherein
tension is necessary for
health, at least when it
comes to meaning.

Logotherapy
Frankl believed that entire
generations of doctors and scientists
were being indoctrinated into what
could only lead to a certain cynicism
in the study of human existence.
He said, “the de-neuroticization of
humanity requires a re-
humanization of psychotherapy.

Conscience
One of Frankl’s major concept
He sees conscience as a sort of
unconscious that Freud and
others emphasize.
Core of our being and the source
of our personal integrity.

Conscience
“being human is being
responsible—existentially
responsible, responsible for one’s
own existence.”
“pre-reflective ontological self-
understanding” or “the wisdom of
the heart,” “more sensitive than
reason can ever be sensible.”

Psychopathology
the study of mental illness, mental
distress and abnormal, maladaptive
behavior. The term is most
commonly used within psychiatry
where pathology refers to disease
processes. Abnormal psychology is
a similar term used more
frequently in the non-medical field
of psychology.

Psychopathology
Factors:
1. Depression- founded in a “vital
low”, a diminishment of physical
energy. On the psychological level, he
relates depression to the feelings of
inadequacy we feel when we are
confronted by tasks that are beyond
our capacities, physical or mental.

Psychopathology
2. Schizophrenia- understood
by Frankl as rooted in a
physiological dysfunction, in
this case one which leads to
the person experiencing
himself as an object rather
than a subject.

Finding Meaning
So how do we find
meaning?

Finding Meaning
3 Broad Approaches:
1. Experiential Values-
experiencing something—or
someone—we value.
example: love we feel
towards each other.

Finding Meaning
2. Creative Values- doing a deed.
Traditional existential idea of
providing oneself with meaning by
becoming involved in one’s
projects, or, better, in the project of
one’s own life.
example: music, writing,
invention

Finding Meaning
3. Attitudinal Values- include
such virtues as compassion,
bravery, a good sense of humor,
and so on.
example: achieving meaning by
way of suffering

Basic Principles
Current and future welfare of
students.
Worth and rights of the
individuals.
Openness, honesty, selflessness,
altruism.
Competition for academic success.

Motivation Theory
Hierarchy of needs of Abraham
Maslow wherein he emphasizes the
basic needs of human beings before
anything else.
Actualization tendency of Carl
Rogers wherein he sees human
beings functioning as a whole and
not just a part of it.

View of Nature
Humanism view human beings as
naturally good and healthy.
unique individuals.
important organisms.

View of Control of Human Behavior
and How Values are Developed
Humanist teachers and
Students
- humanist teacher’s effort
would be put into developing a
child’s self-esteem. It would be
important for children to feel
good about themselves.

Implications and Applications in
Values Education
Applications: Humanism can apply to the
curriculum, teaching method, or style of
teacher.
Implications: Discovery learning, respect
student’s feelings and aspirations, right to
self-determination, social personal
development, provide opportunity for
success.

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