Hypertextandhypermedia 120320065133-phpapp01
Download as PPT, PDF0 likes246 views
Hypertext links text to other documents or locations within documents in a non-linear way. Users can browse hypertext by following links and using the back button to navigate. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) uses anchor tags to create links and identify link destinations within pages. URLs uniquely identify resources on the web and can link to files, dynamically-generated pages, or specific locations within pages using fragment identifiers.
Hypertextandhypermedia 120320065133-phpapp01
- 1. Hypertext and Hypermedia PRAKASH KHAIRE B V PATEL INSTITUTE OF BMC & IT
- 2. 384 Hypertext • Text augmented with links • Link: pointer to another piece of text in same or different document • Navigational metaphor • User follows a link from its source to its destination, usually by clicking on source with the mouse • Use browser to view and navigate hypertext
- 3. Non-linearity • Hypertext not usually read linearly (from start to finish) • Links encourage branching off • History and back button permit backtracking • Not an innovation, but the immediacy of following links by clicking creates a different experience from traditional non-linearity (e.g. cross-references in encyclopedia)
- 4. Links • Simple unidirectional links • Connect single point on one page with a point on another page (e.g. WWW) • Extended links • Regional links (ends may be regions within a page) • Bidirectional links (may be followed in both directions) • Multilinks (may have more than two ends)
- 5. Browsing & Searching • Browsing – retrieve information by association • Follow links, backtrack • Maintain history, bookmarks • Searching – retrieve information by content • Construct indexes of URLs • Search by keyword/description of page
- 6. 392–393 Web Indexes • Manual (Yahoo!, Open Directory Project,…) • Classify sites on basis of human evaluation of their content • Navigate hierarchy, or search entries by keyword • Automatic (Google, AltaVista,…) • Spider/robot 'crawls' Web, collecting URLs and keywords extracted from pages • Highly efficient search engine processes queries
- 7. Automatic Indexing • Must extract keywords automatically from pages • Apply heuristics to identify meaningful words within text • Use metadata added by page's author • <meta name="keywords" content="…"> • <meta name="description" content="…"> • Google applies weighting based on number of links pointing to a page
- 8. URLs • Uniform Resource Locators • Resource is something that can be accessed by a higher level Internet protocol • Often a file, but may be dynamically generated data • The way in which data can be accessed is constrained by the protocol used • e.g. mailbox
- 9. 395–396 URL Syntax • Protocol :// domain name / path • N.B. This is a slight simplification, covering the most common usage • e.g. http://www.digitalmultimedia.org/Materials/keypoints.html • Domain name identifies a host within a hierarchical naming scheme • Path is like Unix pathname: segments separated by /s, identify resource in a hierarchy (e.g. file system)
- 10. URL Paths • Complete specification of the location of a file containing HTML • e.g. /Materials/index.html • Implicit specification of a standard file within a directory • e.g. /Materials/ • Specification of a program that generates HTML dynamically • In special place (cgi-bin) or identified by extension (e.g. .php)
- 11. 398 Partial URLs • URL with some of the leading components missing • Missing components filled in from the base URL of the document in which the partial URL occurs • Usually, base URL is the URL used to retrieve the document, but it can be set explicitly with <base> tag
- 12. Fragment Identifiers • Links can point to a location within a page • URL identifies the entire page • Append a fragment identifier to a URL • #name • e.g. http://www.digitalmultimedia.org/index.html#top • Use a named anchor to identify the corresponding location in the page
- 13. HTML Link Sources • In HTML, a element is used as the source of links • href attribute has destination URL as its value • Element content is displayed to indicate that it is a link (blue underlined &c) • e.g. • Visit <a href="http://www.digitalmultimedia.org/">the book's support site</a> In browser, clicking on underlined text follows the link Visit the book's support site
- 14. HTML Link Destinations • You can also use a element as the destination • name attribute's value may be used as a fragment identifier • <a name="top">… • Alternatively (HTML4 and XHTML) use the id attribute of any element
- 15. 400 Formatting Links • Use CSS pseudo-classes • link: formatting for links • visited: formatting for visited links • hover: formatting when cursor is over a link (rollover) • active: formatting when a link is clicked on • Use in CSS stylesheets with selectors a:link etc
- 16. HTML & Hypermedia • href of an a element might not point to an HTML file • Server response will include MIME type when resource is retrieved (deduced from extension) • Browser will either • Deal with data itself • Call on a helper application to display the retrieved resource externally • Use a plug-in to display it in browser window
- 17. Hypermedia Markup • If non-textual data is rendered within the browser, can integrate images, video, etc within Web page • img element is established way of embedding bitmapped images (GIF, JPEG, PNG) • object element can be used for any type of embedded data • embed element not standard, but widely supported for embedding video, audio and applets
- 18. Links and Images • An image may appear in the content of an a element, to serve as a clickable link • e.g. thumbnail image linked to bigger version • An image map can contain several hot spots, each linked to a URL • usemap attribute of img designates map element, which contains area elements specifying shape and position of hot spots and their associated URLs