IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION, SEARCHING AND CLASSIFYING INFORMATION
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This document discusses the identification, searching, and classification of information sources. It defines information, data, and the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Primary sources are original materials from the relevant time period, secondary sources are interpretations of primary sources, and tertiary sources compile and summarize primary and secondary sources. Information can be classified by characteristics like strategic, tactical, and operational, or by application like planning, control, and organizational information. Common techniques for collecting information and data include surveys, secondary research, tests, and interviews.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION, SEARCHING AND CLASSIFYING INFORMATION
- 1. IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION, SEARCHING AND CLASSIFYING INFORMATION Supervised by: Dr. Navneet Agarwal H.O.D. P`ceutical Chemistry Submitted by: Sunil Saini M.Pharm (P`ceutics) Sem-1st LACHOO MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PHARMACY WING) JODHPUR JAI NARAYAN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR
- 2. Overview : Information is meaningfully interpreted data. If I give you a number 1-212-290-4700, it does not make any sense on its own. It is just raw data. However if I say Tel: +1-212-290-4700, it starts making sense. It becomes a telephone number. So from a system analyst's point of view information is a sequence of symbols that can be construed to a useful message. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyses and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information on which the management will take right decision to ensure future growth of the organization.
- 3. Information Definition: According to Wikipedia: "Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system that can interpret the information. Conceptually, information is the message (expression) being conveyed. Therefore, in a general sense, information is "Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance". Information cannot be predicted and resolves uncertainty."
- 4. Information v/s Data: Data is unprocessed facts and figures. Plain collected data, as raw facts cannot help in decision making. However, data is the raw material that is organized, structured and interpreted to create useful information systems. Data is defined as 'groups of non-random symbols in the form of text, images, voice representing quantities, action and objects'. Information is interpreted data; created from organized, structured and processed data in a particular context.
- 5. Cont…. According to Davis and Olson: “Information is a data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived value in the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient."
- 6. Sources of information: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources IMPORTANT NOTE: The types of information that can be considered primary sources may vary depending on the subject discipline, and also on how you are using the material. For example: A magazine article reporting on recent studies linking the reduction of energy consumption to the compact fluorescent light bulb would be a secondary source. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source.
- 7. Primary Sources: Definition: Primary sources are original materials. They are from the time period involved and have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation. Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based. They are usually the first formal appearance of results in physical, print or electronic format. They present original thinking, report a discovery, or share new information. Note: The definition of a primary source may vary depending upon the discipline or context.
- 8. Cont…. Examples include: Interviews (e.g., oral histories, telephone, e-mail); Journal articles published in peer-reviewed publications; Newspaper articles written at the time; Patents; Records of organizations, government agencies (e.g. annual report, treaty, constitution, government document); Speeches; Survey Research (e.g., market surveys, public opinion polls); Video recordings (e.g. television programs).
- 9. Secondary sources: Definition: Secondary sources are less easily defined than primary sources. Generally, they are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. They are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources. Secondary sources are not evidence, but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence. However, what some define as a secondary source, others define as a tertiary source. Context is everything. Note: The definition of a secondary source may vary depending upon the discipline or context.
- 10. Cont…. Examples include: Bibliographies (also considered tertiary); Commentaries, criticisms; Dictionaries, Encyclopedias (also considered tertiary); Histories; Journal articles (depending on the disciple can be primary); Magazine and newspaper articles (this distinction varies by discipline); Monographs, other than fiction and autobiography; Textbooks (also considered tertiary); Web site (also considered primary).
- 11. Tertiary sources: Definition: Tertiary sources consist of information which is a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources. Bibliographies (also considered secondary), Chronologies; Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias (also considered secondary); Directories, Fact books; Guidebooks; Indexes, abstracts, bibliographies used to locate primary and secondary sources; Manuals; Textbooks (also be secondary).
- 12. SUBJECT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Chemistry/Life Sciences Einstein's diary Monograph on Einstein's life Dictionary on Theory of Relativity Engineering/Physical Sciences Patent NTIS database Manual on using invention Humanities Letters by Martin Luther King Web site on King's writings Encyclopedia on Civil Rights Movement Social Sciences Notes taken by clinical psychologist Magazine article about the psychological condition Textbook on clinical psychology Performing Arts Movie filmed in 1942 Biography of the director Guide to the movie
- 13. Classification: Information can be classified in a number of ways, two of the most important ways to classify information Classification by Characteristic Classification by Application
- 14. Classification by Characteristic: Based on Anthony's classification of Management, information used in business for decision making is generally categorized into three types: Strategic Information: strategic information is concerned with long term policy decisions that defines the objectives of a business and checks how well these objectives are met. For example, acquiring a new plant, a new product, diversification of business etc. comes under strategic information.
- 15. Cont…. Tactical Information: tactical information is concerned with the information needed for exercising control over business resources, like budgeting, quality control, service level, inventory level, productivity level etc. Operational Information: operational information is concerned with plant/business level information and is used to ensure proper conduction of specific operational tasks as planned/intended. Various operator specific, machine specific and shift specific jobs for quality control checks comes under this category.
- 16. Classification by Application: In terms of applications, information can be categorized as: Planning Information: these are information needed for establishing standard norms and specifications in an organization. This information is used in strategic, tactical and operation planning of any activity. Examples of such information are time standards, design standards. Control Information: This information is needed for establishing control over all business activities through feedback mechanism. This information is used for controlling attainment, nature and utilization important processes in a system. When such information reflects a deviation from the established standards, the system should induce a decision or an action leading to control.
- 17. Cont…. Knowledge Information: knowledge is defined as "information about information". Knowledge information is acquired through experience and learning and collected from archival data and research studies. Organizational Information: Organizational information deals with an organization's environment, culture in the light of its objectives. Karl Weick's Organizational Information Theory emphasizes that an organization reduce equivocality or uncertainty by collecting, managing and using these information prudently. This information is used by everybody in the organization; examples of such information are employee and payroll information.
- 18. Cont…. Functional/ Operational Information: This is operation specific information. For example, daily schedules in a manufacturing plant that refers to the detailed assignment of jobs to machines or machines to operators. In a service oriented business, it would be the duty roster of various personnel. This information is mostly internal to the organization. Database Information: Database information construes large quantities of information that has multiple use and application. Such information is stored, retrieved and managed to create databases. For example, material specification or supplier information is stored for multiple users.
- 19. Information /data Collection Techniques: The most popular data collection techniques include: Surveys: A questionnaires is prepared to collect the data from the field. Secondary data sources or archival data: data is collected through old records, magazines, company website etc. Objective measures or tests: An experimental test was conducted on the subject and data was collected. Interviews: In which data is collected by the system analyst by following a rigid procedure and collecting the answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through personal interviews.
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