IEEE Computer Society Phoenix: Next-Generation Wireless Overview & Outlook 12/14/22
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The document provides an overview of the regulation and usage of radio spectrum in the U.S., highlighting the FCC's role in licensing frequencies and considering additional unlicensed spectrum for commercial and public use. It also discusses the evolution from 2G to 5G technologies, the deployment of mobile networks with cloud infrastructure, and various wireless technologies including Wi-Fi and Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS). The impact of emerging technologies and requirements for bandwidth and latency on future connectivity and communications is emphasized.
IEEE Computer Society Phoenix: Next-Generation Wireless Overview & Outlook 12/14/22
- 1. By Mark Goldstein, International Research Center markg@researchedge.com, http://www.researchedge.com/ Presentation Available at http://www.slideshare.net/markgirc Phoenix Chapter http://ewh.ieee.org/r6/phoenix/compsociety/
- 2. Uses of the Radio Spectrum
- 3. U.S. Wireless Spectrum Overview • The FCC regulates the use of radio frequencies within the U.S., assigning usage rights and conditions to various bands across geographic sub-areas. ITU & WRC regulate internationally. Radio frequency physics favor lower frequencies for greater signal carrying distance as well as structure & foliage penetration. • Most non-governmental frequencies are licensed, often via auctions to commercial entities and reserved exclusively for their use. Cellular (& unlicensed Wi-Fi) dominate mobile connectivity. Microwave & millimeter wave are commonly used for broadcast, backhaul & PtP. FCC considering additional licensed bands for commercial/public purposes by reallocating spectrum and at times relocating existing uses. • A limited amount of unlicensed spectrum is currently available, however more is being considered or processed for release. 902-928 MHz has been used for consumer and commercial devices since 1993. The explosion of Wi-Fi is the result of developments in 2.4 & 5 GHz unlicensed bands. Mobile uses and the emergence of IoT is driving demand for more unlicensed bandwidth & bringing new delivery protocols. CBRS at 3550-3700 MHz is of special interest as a new shared unlicensed option. The FCC is considering enabling flexible use of the 3.7-4.2 GHz Band. White spaces wireless will share unlicensed, reallocated 500-700 MHz TV bands reaching to 10 km NLOS now & up to 100 km in the future, outstanding for WRAN. 10 KHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz 1THz DC 100 Hz
- 4. Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Spectrum United States Carrier Frequency Use https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_frequencies_in_the_US Qualcomm
- 5. The Road to 5G from 1980s to 2020s and Beyond Source: Viavi & International Research Center (5G Additions) 5G 2020s ● Up to 2 Gbps, MU-MIMO ● Spectrum & Protocol Agility ● New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U) ● Cloud-Native, Slicing Enabled & Programmable
- 6. Source: Nokia-Omdia 2020 Communication Service Provides (CPS)
- 7. 5G Capabilities and Applications Source: Huawei Technologies 2019
- 8. 5G Bandwidth & Latency Drivers by Use Case Source: Openet Marketing 2018
- 10. 5G Impact on Different Employment Workstyles Source: Omdia 2021
- 11. 4G vs. 5G Network Features Source: EXFO 2020
- 13. FCC licenses 850 & 1900 MHz bands at auctions for specific U.S. geographic subareas, 2G delivers data at up to 1 Mbps & 3G to 15 Mbps, 4G also utilizes 600, 700, 1700, 2100 & 5200 MHz bands for up to 50 Mbps, 5G uses same bands at up to 3 Gbps, 24/28/37/39/47 GHz spectrum auctions under consideration, Cognitive radio capabilities with agile multiband frequency use increasingly practical & continually advancing Source: CB Insights Low-Band, Mid-Band and Hi-Band (mmWave) Uses
- 15. 5G LTE Advanced & New Radio (NR) Low-Band Mid-Band High-Band
- 16. https://www.adn.com/business-economy/2019/06/19/gci-to-build- 5g-wireless-network-for-faster-internet-service-in-anchorage/ 5G & a multitude of other transceivers along with their antennas will be mounted on a variety of vertical assets including towers, monopoles, streetlights, electric poles & towers, building sides &rooftops, as well as on other available vertical structures
- 17. Source: Cabling Installation & Maintenance 7/18 Macro and Small Cell Deployment for Cellular Densification
- 18. ED2 Smart 5G Repeaters & Antenna Systems http://www.ed2corp.com/making5ghappen/ https://www.freefall5g.com/
- 19. FreeFall 5G received certification from the Federal Communications Commission in late November for its FreeStar5G Millimeter Wave Advanced Antenna System. Mamta Popat Photo from the Arizona Daily Star 1/22 https://tucson.com/business/tucson-startup-wins-fcc-approval-for-new-5g-wireless-antenna/article_1addfe08-73c2-11ec-aeaa-03c56b952e33.html
- 23. Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) Mobile networks have tens of thousands of distributed radio sites for coverage and capacity demands. Radio technology is complicated latency, reliability and throughput Cloud RAN complements traditional networks with solutions that use state of the art virtualization and cloud technologies enabling: Architectural Flexibility Operational Efficiencies Dynamic Service Delivery New operational models are needed to capture business opportunities with technologies like 5G. Bandwidth and Latency Demands Create Front Haul Challenges
- 24. 5G Cloud RAN Key Market Drivers 5G Cloud RAN Key Market Drivers https://www.o-ran.org/
- 25. Source: Rural Wireless Association (https://ruralwireless.org/)
- 27. https://www.rootmetrics.com/en-US/content/rootmetrics-may-US-5g-scorecard-1H-2022
- 32. The Economic Drivers of 5G Source: AFL 2021
- 33. 5G Releases 16 & 17 Key Themes, New Functionalities & Timeline Source: Nokia 2020 Source: Ericsson 2020 5G Timeline
- 45. IEEE 6G Engineering Survey: How Soon Source: IEEE 2021
- 46. IEEE 6G Engineering Survey: How Different Source: IEEE 2021
- 48. FirstNet Flying Cell on Wings (COWs) & Aerostats https://about.att.com/story/2019/ fn_hits_one_million.html
- 49. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/07/09/loon-balloon-powered-internet-service-kenya/ https://loon.com/ Google's sister company Loon deployed a fleet of 35 solar-powered balloons that will provide 4G & 5G wireless broadband service service spanning nearly 31,000 square miles across western and central parts of Kenya, including its capital, Nairobi and remote areas by floating on stratospheric winds. This was Loon's first non-emergency, commercial Internet service. Previously the company provided emergency-only Internet access in response to disasters such as the 2017 Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico and the 2019 earthquake in Peru but now has closed down. Google Loon Stratospheric Balloons Illustration of Alternate Stratospheric Platforms
- 51. Typical Network Architecture of Fixed-Wireless & Hybrid ISPs Source: WISPA & The Carmel Group 2021
- 52. Tarana Wireless Base and Remote Nodes Tarana’s Base Nodes (BNs) and Remote Nodes (RNs) are purpose-built for Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) with an entirely novel, innovative hardware and software approach, designed as a platform to expressly meet the requirements of fixed wireless. https://www.taranawireless.com/
- 54. https://www.internetforall.gov/program/broadband-equity- access-and-deployment-bead-program • The NTIA BEAD NOFO released 5/13/22 sets forth that “Priority Broadband Projects” are those that use end-to-end fiber-optic architecture deeming such networks as “future proof” so as to “ensure that the network built by the project can easily scale speeds over time to meet the evolving connectivity needs.” • Allows for fixed wireless access (FWA) projects in “high-cost” and “extremely high-cost” areas where cost per user for fiber deployments would be excessive and State want to use available funding for maximum impact. • Allows use of “terrestrial fixed wireless technology utilizing entirely licensed spectrum or using a hybrid of licensed and unlicensed spectrum” however “services using entirely unlicensed spectrum do not meet the criteria for Reliable Broadband Service” leading to market confusion and disarray, as well as unwarranted limitations on the use of all Wi-Fi allowed frequencies, 5GHz, 6GHz, and other unlicensed spectrum. Will CBRS and CBRS- like managed spectrum be considered as licensed spectrum?
- 55. IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless Overview HaLow White-Fi WiGig Wi-Fi Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Variants, Frequencies & Ranges Current Wi-Fi LAN/WAN Characteristics https://wireless-home-network-made- easy.com/how-does-wifi-work.html ≤10km ≤1km ≤250m ≤100m /ax 6 GHz 6E
- 56. Source: Qualcomm 2020 Wi-Fi 6E Tri-Band Adds 6 GHz Channels & Capabilities 2.4GHz 6GHz
- 57. Wi-Fi 6E Distinguishing Characteristics https://wballiance.com/
- 59. Wi-Fi 6 Key Enhancements Source: ABI Research 2020
- 64. IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi Wireless WAN Example Ubiquiti Networks airMAX Application https://airmax.ubnt.com/ Source: Ubiquiti Networks
- 66. Arizona Free Wi-Fi Map & Tech Hotline in English & Spanish https://www.connect-arizona.com/
- 68. Wi-Fi Augmented Location Tracking Wi-Fi Positioning System (WPS, also abbreviated as WiPS or WFPS) is a geolocation system that uses the characteristics of nearby Wi-Fi hotspots and other wireless access points to discover where a device is located. It is used where satellite navigation such as GPS is inadequate due to various causes including multipath and signal blockage indoors, or where acquiring a satellite fix would take too long. Such systems include assisted GPS, urban positioning services through hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_positioning_system https://www.i-webservices.com/blog/mobility/mobile-apps- beacons-vs-gps-vs-wifi/ GPS + Cellular + Wi-Fi + Beacons Location Tracking Indoor Positioning System (IPS) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_ positioning_system Hybrid Positioning System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_ positioning_system Bluetooth Low Energy Beacon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_ low_energy_beacon
- 71. Source: EEWorld-Silicon Labs 2022
- 75. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Evolution & Outlook IEEE 802.11 Variant Tech & Spectrum Apps & Notes IEEE 802.11abg Wi-Fi Legacy protocols on unlicensed 2.4 & 5 GHz bands to 600 Mbps to 100+ m outdoors Baseline Wi-Fi capabilities for APs & CPE, Overall Wi-Fi performance may be limited by legacy devices & interference IEEE 802.11n Wi-Fi 4 Adds MIMO streams to abg for focusing transmissions to 250 m Great advance in Wi-Fi performance for multi-antenna APs & CPE IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi 5 Higher performance protocol on unlicensed 2.4 & 5 GHz + other bands up to 3.5 Gbps Downlink MU-MIMO, Mature, widely available advanced Wi-Fi performance & capabilities in base stations, APs & CPE IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi 6/6E Highest performance protocol on unlicensed 2.4, 3.5, 5 & 6 GHz bands + other bands up to 10.5 Gbps Wi-Fi 6 spec maturing, commercial equipment & deployments in progress, Full MU-MIMO, OFDMA & WPA3 security IEEE 802.11be Wi-Fi 7 6 GHZ & higher bands unlicensed & possible cellular reallocation IEEE 802.11k/v/r agile multiband pending, Extreme High-Throughput (EHT) pending IEEE 802.11p V2X Unlicensed 5.9 GHz ITS for short-to- medium range, Next gen DSRC Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) & Vehicle-to- Everything (V2X) for safety & ops, C-V2X IEEE 802.11af White Space White-Fi Uses select unlicensed TV bands from approx. 470-700 MHz to 600 Mbps up to 25 miles (long distance) NLOS, Nominal cost for use of SAS geo database per device White-Fi, White Space Wireless or Super Wi-Fi, Managed by cognitive radio tech & SAS geo database dynamically assigning channels for use, IEEE 802.22 emerging for WRAN up to 60+ miles IEEE 802.11ah HaLow Uses unlicensed 902-928 MHz UHF frequencies up to 100 Kbps to 1 km, up to 8K low power devices per AP WWAN supporting bulk M2M & IoT/IIoT communications for long-range, low-data rate applications IEEE 802.11ad WiGig Uses unlicensed 60 GHz ISM band for up to 7 Gbps up to 5 m range (within a room) Optimized for short-range media & high- bandwidth apps, IEEE 802.11ay will eventually extend to 20+ Gbps Source: International Research Center
- 76. Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Wireless Spectrum: Frequencies & Tiers (SAS = Spectrum Allocation Server) Mobile Experts https://www.leverege.com/blog post/what-is-cbrs-lte-3-5-ghz 3.5 GHz Band
- 77. Source: Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Alliance Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS)
- 78. CBRS System Architecture Source: SNS Telecom & IT 2020
- 80. Ruckus Q910 CBRS Outdoor LTE Access Point https://www.commscope.com/product-type/enterprise- networking-carrier-wi-fi-cbrs/cbrs-ongo/q910/ 9.5” x 12.5” x 4”
- 81. City of Tucson Public CBRS Project
- 82. White Space Wireless Spectrum & Opportunities thinkd2c https://www.carlsonwireless.com/
- 83. https://www.carlsonwireless.com/ White Space Markets & Verticals IEEE 802.11af (White-Fi) uses select unlicensed bands from approx. 470-700 MHz to 600 Mbps to 10 km NLOS for WRAN, up to 100 km in the future with IEEE 802.22. White-Fi uses a TV White Space Database (geo database) to manage spectrum use by unlicensed white space devices by geographic area with SAS.
- 85. Free Space Optics (FSO) Point-to-Point Solutions A photophone receiver and headset, one half of Bell & Tainter's optical telecommunication system of 1880 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication
- 86. McKinsey Global Institute & International Research Center (2020) Internet of Things (IoT)/Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Remote Work/Homework, Telehealth, Public Safety Smart Homes/Buildings/Spaces/Cities/Regions
- 88. Commercial Satellite Communications Operating Segments Source: U.S. NIST 2022
- 89. Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites are located between LEO and GEO satellites at 6,300 to 12,500 miles. 10-18 are required for continuous global coverage. Lower latency (150 ms). Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites are closest to users (300-1200 miles) but require 40-70 satellites for full coverage. Low latency (10 ms). Geosynchronous (GSO) satellite orbit (22,236 miles) rotates at the same speed as the Earth’s rotation. Three satellites can provide global coverage. 300 ms latency, which can support most applications. • Geostationary Equatorial Orbit (GEO) is a special case of GSO in which satellites circle the Earth above the Equator and appear to be stationary over a fixed position. Types of Communications Satellites and Orbits ITU Satellites Spectrum Allocations https://sia.org/
- 90. Satellites Provide a Variety of Mobile & Fixed Communications Services Source: ESOA/SIA 2018
- 91. Mark Handley/University College London SpaceX launched and deployed their first 60 500 lb. Starlink Internet- providing small satellites from the nosecone of a Falcon 9 rocket in May 2019. There are currently (11/22) some 3,271 in orbit heading to 10K+. https://www.starlink.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Starlink
- 97. Cellular Backhaul by Satellite https://www.hughes.com/solutions/government- and-defense/cellular-backhaul
- 98. SpaceLink Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites SpaceLink's MEO satellites deliver real-time data in record time using always available relay satellite for fast data transfer. With Always in Sight, LEO satellites will no longer have to wait for a once-a-day view of an Earth station to process data. SpaceLink’s constellation will utilize both RF and optical inter-satellite links and continuously transmit user data to several optimally located gateway ground stations for immediate access via the Internet, private cloud or other secure delivery with intersatellite links between the relay satellites sending data directly to wherever the customer wants it on Earth, without it “landing” elsewhere. https://www.eosspacelink.com/satellite-data/
- 100. Satellite Optical Connections in the Network Source: Mynaric 2021
- 101. Mynaric Condor Mk3 Optical Inter-Satellite Terminal Mynaric announced the CONDOR Mk3 (right), designed as a mass-manufacturable, smaller, lighter, and low-power optical communications terminals for inter-satellite operations than its predecessor, the Mk2 (left). It has an optical head mass and size that is a 30% reduction from earlier models and offers flexible data rate coverage from 100 Mbps up to 100 Gbps with link distances beyond 7,500 km. https://mynaric.com/products/space/condor-mk3/
- 103. Mynaric Condor Mk3 Optical Inter-Satellite Terminal Mynaric also produces optical communications ground terminals providing unprecedented high-speed, high-throughput connectivity between satellites and the ground, serving as access points to terrestrial network infrastructure. See their Ground Communications Capabilities landing page at https://mynaric.com/products/ground-capabilities/
- 104. AST SpaceMobile's Blue Walker 3 satellite’s 693 square feet phased array. https://ast-science.com/spacemobile-network/
- 105. AST SpaceMobile's BlueWalker 3 folded and packaged into a spaceflight container (black cylinder) called the Launch Vehicle Adapter. The first BW3 satellite is slated to launch from Cape Canaveral on a SpaceX Falcon 9 vehicle with a framework established for future launches. https://ast- science.com/spacemo bile-network/
- 108. Off-Grid Community Wi-Fi Terminal (OGCWFT) Project http://engineeringclinic. arizona.edu/design-day- awards http://engineeringclinic.arizona.edu/
- 109. AT&T Satellite Cell on Light Trucks (SatCOLTs) for Remote FirstNet Access https://insidetowers.com/cell-tower-news-colts- trotted-out-to-navajo-nation-during-pandemic/ https://mct.pelsue.com/ https://squiretechsolutions.com/ mobile-satellite-trailer/ Mobile Connectivity Trailer https://www.skycasters.com/
- 111. Electronic Warfare in Today’s Military Environment Source: NATO Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC, https://www.japcc.org/)
- 112. Categories of Environmental and Other Effects of Constellations of Satellites Source: GAO (2022)
- 113. Source: Teradata Corporation Internet of Things Basics
- 116. IoT Solutions Architecture Source: TechBeacon (https://techbeacon.com/4-stages-iot-architecture)
- 117. Source: Wireless Broadband Alliance 2019
- 118. V2X - IEEE 802.11p Uses unlicensed 5.9 GHz ITS frequencies for short-to-medium range vehicle safety & operations Next Generation Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) vehicle safety & operations
- 119. Automotive DSRC Technology over V2X http://www.newsandpr.com/2018/04/automotive-dsrc-technology-market-professional-survey-report-2018/ Next Generation Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Vehicle Safety & Operations
- 121. https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2020/03/20/personali-digital-twins-role-in-epidemics-control-iii/ Smartphones are Brimming with an Ever-Growing Number of Sensors Anticipate Addition Of: Accelerometer, Motion Magnetometer, Gyroscope Imaging Radar, Gestures Health & Medical Sensors Gas/Environmental Sensors IR, Optical Spectroscopy AR/VR/Mixed Headsets Bluetooth Accessories USB Headset
- 124. Smart Building IIoT & Control Applications https://modius.com/smartbuildinganalytics/
- 126. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Potential Applications
- 128. Source: Wireless Broadband Alliance / LoRa Alliance 2019
- 129. Source: Center for Digital Government & Cisco
- 130. Smart City Data Gathered from Many Source and Disseminated to Many Users Source: Autonomous Vehicle Technology Magazine 6/20
- 131. Source: Topio Networks 2020 https://www.gecurrent.com/
- 132. https://www.azidp.com/the-smart-region/ Center for Smart Cities and Regions (CSCR) https://ifis.asu.edu/c ontent/center-smart- cities-and-regions Arizona Smart Region Initiatives Pima Association of Governments (PAG) http://www.pagregion.com /Default.aspx?tabid=1356 Intel Smart City IoT Solutions https://www.intel.com/ content/www/us/en/int ernet-of-things/smart- cities.html Internet of Things (IoT) Committee https://www.aztechco uncil.org/get- involved/committees/ https://smartchallenges .asu.edu/ http://www.big datasw.org/ https://www. azmag.gov/ https://www.azco mmerce.com/iam/ https://www.azidp.org/ Smart Region Consortium https://www.greater phxconnective.com/
- 133. Next-Gen Wireless Overview & Outlook Short-Range & Personal Area Networks (PANs) RFID, Near Field Communications (NFC), Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiGig, LiFi & More Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) Long-range IoT/IIoT data collection will be a high device volume, high-growth opportunity at low data rates requiring using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. All of these LPWAN variants support health monitoring, smart homes/buildings/cities & regions, mobile lifestyle, transportation, energy, etc. A number of LPWAN approaches will play out with IEEE 802.11ah (HaLow) & LoRaWAN likely to dominate, augmented by cellular data services & use of other LPWANs for select situations. IEEE 802.11ah - HaLow uses unlicensed 902-928 MHz frequencies, Supports bulk M2M & IoT/IIoT communications at 100 Kbps to 1 km for up to 8,192 low- power devices per AP LoRaWAN - Uses unlicensed 902-928 MHz in North America at 22 Kbps at very long range (city wide coverage) with deep indoor coverage for IoT/IIoT Sigfox - Unlicensed 915 MHz (in NA) to 100 bps up to 40 km for broad, low- speed reach NB-IoT (or LTE-M2) - Narrowband (NB) cellular for LPWAN to 250 Kbps, Mobile operators need new equipment to utilize LTE Cat M1 - Cellular for LPWAN to 1 Mbps, more easily integrates to existing cellular deployments
- 134. https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/bluetooth-core-specification/bluetooth5
- 135. Laird Connectivity BL653µ Bluetooth 5.1 Module Series, Providing Long-Range Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Connectivity https://www.lairdconnect.com/wireless-modules/bluetooth-modules/bluetooth-5- modules/bl653-micro-series-bluetooth-51-802154-nfc-modules
- 136. https://www.bluetooth.com/blog/wireless-connectivity-options-for-iot-applications-technology-comparison/ Wireless Connectivity Options for IoT Applications Comparison
- 137. Wireless IoT Connectivity Highly Fragmented Market Source: Qorvo 2019
- 138. IoT Connection Technologies Operating Range Source: Keysight Technologies with Added Elements by International Research Center - CBRS - 802.11ax Added - 802.22 (White Spaces) Added - V2V & V2X
- 141. ● Smart City/Region ● Smart Agriculture ● IoT/IIoT Data ● Adds per International Research Center
- 142. Source: Topio Research 2020
- 143. Source: TM Forum 2020
- 144. This inkjet-printed prototype of a mm-wave energy harvester using a Rotman lens-based rectenna design allows devices to pull energy out of the air from 5G wireless transmissions and convert it into electricity making it possible to harvest around 6 microwatts at around 180 meters (590 ft) distant from a 5G transmitter, more than enough to power a range of small sensors and devices, particularly in the IoT space. Source: Georgia Tech 2021 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79500-x https://newatlas.com/energy/5g-energy-harvesting-wireless-power/ 5G mmWave Energy Harvesting Rectenna
- 146. Educational Broadband Services (EBS) Spectrum U.S. FCC Broadband Radio Service & Education Broadband Service - https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/broadband-division/broadband-radio-service-education-broadband-service 2.5 GHz Rural Tribal Priority Window (to 8/3/20) - https://www.fcc.gov/25-ghz-rural-tribal-window FCC Transforming the 2.5 GHz EBS Band Report (7/19) - https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-19-62A1.pdf National EBS Association - https://nebsa.org/ EBS Spectrum Organization - http://www.ebsspectrum.org/ EBS on Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Broadband_Service Source: EBS Spectrum Organization
- 148. FCC Millimeter Wave 70/80/90 GHz Service - https://www.fcc.gov/millimeter-wave-708090-ghz-service https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-proposes-expanding-access-708090-ghz-spectrum-bands
- 149. Wireless Technology & Spectrum Summary Wireless Protocol Tech & Spectrum Apps & Notes Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G & 6G FCC licenses 850 & 1900 MHz bands at auctions for specific geographic subareas, 2G delivers data at up to 1 Mbps & 3G to 15 Mbps, 4G also utilizes 600, 700, 1700, 2100 & 5200 MHz bands for up to 50 Mbps, 5G uses same bands at up to 3 Gbps + 24/28 GHz & mmWave (30-300 GHz) spectrum, 5G NR » 6G All U.S. bands are licensed thru FCC auctions, WW LTE convergence, 5G standards maturing, Deployment requires densification in urban areas adding small cells/DAS for capacity, AT&T FirstNet national public safety overlay deploying, 5G fixed wireless, frequency agility, lots of tower builds & new fiber for backhaul IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Variants Legacy IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n to 600 Mbps & IEEE 802.11ac/ax to 3.5+ Gbps on unlicensed 2.4, 3.5, 5 & 6 GHz bands shared among many users & a variety of applications, Interference risks Broad mature deployment for LANs & WANs, Low-cost hardware, Emerging IEEE 802.11ax provides up to 10.5 Gbps with more efficient spectrum utilization & increased throughput Microwave Variety of licensed & unlicensed spectrum bands from 1-90 GHz Fixed Microwave Services point to point for backhaul & direct broadband to 50 km Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Recent reallocation of 3550-3700 MHz for shared lightly licensed & licensed (with priority) use of up to 7 10 MHz channels, Shared with higher priority users (U.S. Military Radar, Fixed Satellite Systems) thru Spectrum Allocation Server (SAS) geo database, Further reach than 5 GHz Wi-Fi LTE style protocols for voice & data, Shared spectrum use with situation awareness & dynamic allocation, CBRS Alliance’s OnGo & MulteFire Alliance protocols offer Neutral Host Network Provider & MVNO models, Specs stable & equipment reaching the market, Expansion into 3.7-4.2 GHz possible White Space Wireless IEEE 802.11af (White-Fi) uses select unlicensed bands from approx. 470-700 MHz to 600 Mbps to 10 km NLOS for WRAN, up to 100 km in the future with IEEE 802.22 White-Fi uses a TV White Space Database (geo database) to manage spectrum use by unlicensed white space devices by geographic area with SAS, Microsoft supporting & doing trials Source: International Research Center 2021
- 150. Wireless Technology & Spectrum Summary (Continued) Wireless Protocol Tech & Spectrum Apps & Notes Short Haul Special Purpose Networks • Bluetooth - IEEE 802.15.1 at unlicensed 2.4 GHz to 1 Mbps to 30 m, Versions 5.0-5.3 provide 2 Mbps at greater range, Low Energy (LE), IoT/IIoT & mesh capabilities • Zigbee - IEEE 802.15.4 at unlicensed 915 MHz (NA) & 2.4 GHz at up to 250 Kbps to 100 m, Low power, Suited for IoT/IIoT • Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) at unlicensed 5.9 GHz ITS via IEEE 802.11p DSRC/C-V2X • LiFi short-range data networking with light • RFID/NFC - PAN for Logistics, POS & IoT Bluetooth expanding beyond connecting peripherals to devices & computers to PAN & LAN applications, Bluetooth & Zigbee will both support health monitoring, smart homes/ buildings/cities, mobile lifestyle, transportation, energy, etc. with M2M/IoT/IIoT sensor data aggregation, V2X integrates vehicles for safety & ops Low-Power Wide- Area Networks (LPWANs) • IEEE 802.11ah - HaLow uses unlicensed 902-928 MHz frequencies, Supports bulk M2M & IoT/IIoT communications at 100 Kbps to 1 km for up to 8,192 low-power devices per AP • LoRaWAN - Unlicensed 902-928 MHz in NA at 22 Kbps at very long range (city wide coverage) with deep indoor coverage for IoT/IIoT • Sigfox - Unlicensed 915 MHz (in NA) to 100 bps up to 40 km for broad, low-speed reach • NB-IoT (or LTE-M2) - Narrowband (NB) cellular for LPWAN to 250 Kbps, Mobile operators need new equipment to utilize • LTE Cat M1 - Cellular for LPWAN to 1 Mbps, more easily integrates to existing cellular deployments Long-range IoT/IIoT data collection will be a high device volume, high-growth opportunity at low data rates requiring low-cost subscriptions, All of these LPWAN variants support health monitoring, smart homes/ buildings/cities, mobile lifestyle, transportation, energy, etc., A number of LPWAN approaches will play out with IEEE 802.11ah (HaLow) & LoRaWAN likely to dominate augmented by cellular data services & use of other LPWANs for select situations, Weightless specs Source: International Research Center 2021
- 151. Broadband Investor Costs and Benefits Calculations Source: Blair Levin 2013 https://www.brookings.edu/experts/blair-levin/ How Do You Change the Math and Improve the ROI?
- 152. Flywheel of Fortune Rapidly Grows an ISP’s Business Source: Ready.net (https://ready.net/) 2020
- 153. The Exponential Curve of Technological Innovations Leading Up to the Singularity https://www.kurzweilai.net/the-technological-singularity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near https://golfcharliepapa.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-three-singularities-in-our-future.html
- 154. Connectivity Technologies Are Taking Strides Forward Source: McKinsey Global Institute 2020
- 155. Vertical Assets: Towers, Monopoles, Streetlights, Buildings/Structures & Aerial Next-Gen Wireless Overview & Outlook Microwave Point to Point Wi-Fi 6E (IEEE 802.11ax) White Space (IEEE 802.11af) LPWAN for IoT/IIoT Data Deliver backhaul to remote tower facilities and broadband directly to end users over great distances using licensed, lightly licensed & unlicensed frequencies Deliver Wi-Fi 6E to nearby CPE and mobile devices using unlicensed frequencies as well as meshing with nearby nodes for wider spread public & private regional coverage Deliver broadband over long distances (60+ miles) non-line-of-site (NLOS) over lightly licensed 470-790 MHz former TV spectrum Collect data with Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) over V2X, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, HaLow &/or LTE Cat M1 Edge & Cloud Services Source: International Research Center 2022 Cellular Colocation Enable expanded 4G/5G/6G cellular coverage and densification including consumer voice and data with agile cognitive radio devices, FirstNet for public safety, C-V2X & IoT/IIoT CBRS Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) for next generation services including LTE-type mobile over lightly licensed 3.5 GHz spectrum LEO, MEO, & GEO Satellites https://www.slideshare.net/markgirc/