U.S. Wireless Overview & Outlook Presentation (V02C)
5 likes1,059 views
The document provides an overview of the U.S. wireless landscape, detailing spectrum usage and technological advancements across various cellular networks from 2G to 5G, as well as developments in Wi-Fi technologies and unlicensed bands. It discusses the regulatory environment, noting the role of the FCC in spectrum allocation and the emergence of new shared bandwidth options like Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) and white spaces. Key highlights include the evolution of wireless standards, applications in IoT connectivity, and the ongoing demand for increased bandwidth and capacity through advancements in small cell and macro deployments.
U.S. Wireless Overview & Outlook Presentation (V02C)
- 1. Presented by Mark Goldstein, International Research Center markg@researchedge.com, http://www.researchedge.com/ Presentation Available at http://www.slideshare.net/markgirc © 2018 - International Research Center (V02C - 10/6/18) Arizona Chapter U.S. Wireless Overview and Outlook
- 2. U.S. Wireless Overview and Outlook • U.S. Wireless Spectrum Overview • U.S. Wireless Technology & Spectrum Summary • U.S. Wireless Technology & Spectrum Summary (Continued) • Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Spectrum • Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Protocols & Apps Evolution • 5G Use Cases • High Speeds Favor High Frequencies for 5G • 5G LTE Advanced & New Radio (NR) • Macro and Small Cell Deployment for Cellular Densification • IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless Overview • IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi Wireless WAN Example • Extreme High-Throughput (EHT) Wi-Fi in 6 GHz Band • Vehicle to Everything (V2X) IEEE-802.11p • IEEE 802.11 Wireless Evolution & Outlook • Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Wireless Spectrum • Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Wireless Opportunities • White Spaces Wireless Spectrum & Opportunities • White Spaces Markets & Verticals • Multiple Pathways for IoT Connectivity • IoT Connection Technologies Operating Range © 2018 - International Research Center
- 3. U.S. Wireless Spectrum Overview • The FCC regulates the use of radio frequencies within the U.S., assigning usage rights and conditions to various bands across geographic sub-areas. ITU & WRC regulate internationally. Radio frequency physics favor lower frequencies for greater signal carrying distance as well as structure & foliage penetration. • Most non-governmental frequencies are licensed, often via auctions to commercial entities and reserved exclusively for their use. Cellular (& unlicensed Wi-Fi) dominate mobile connectivity. Microwave & millimeter wave are commonly used for broadcast, backhaul & PtP. FCC considering additional licensed bands for commercial/public purposes by reallocating spectrum and at times relocating existing uses. • A limited amount of unlicensed spectrum is currently available, however more is being considered or processed for release. 902-928 MHz has been used for consumer and commercial devices since 1993. The explosion of Wi-Fi is the result of developments in 2.4 & 5 GHz unlicensed bands. Mobile uses and the emergence of IoT is driving demand for more unlicensed bandwidth & bringing new delivery protocols. CBRS at 3550-3700 MHz is of special interest as a new shared unlicensed option. The FCC is considering enabling flexible use of the 3.7-4.2 GHz Band. White spaces wireless will share unlicensed, reallocated 500-700 MHz TV bands reaching to 10 km NLOS now & up to 100 km in the future, outstanding for WRAN. 10 KHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz 1THzDC 100 Hz
- 4. U.S. Wireless Technology & Spectrum Summary Wireless Protocol Tech & Spectrum Apps & Notes Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G FCC licenses 850 & 1900 MHz bands at auctions for specific geographic subareas, 2G delivers data at up to 1 Mbps & 3G to 15 Mbps, 4G also utilizes 600, 700, 1700, 2100 & 5200 MHz bands for up to 50 Mbps, 5G uses same bands at up to 3 Gbps, 24/28/37/39/47 GHz spectrum auctions, 5G NR & 6G follow All U.S. bands are licensed thru FCC auctions, WW LTE convergence, 5G standards maturing & deployment now thru 2020+ requiring densification in urban areas adding small cells/DAS for capacity, AT&T FirstNet national public safety overlay deploying, Also 5G fixed wireless, Lots of tower & fiber builds IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Variants Legacy IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n to 600 Mbps & IEEE 802.11ac to 3.5 Gbps on unlicensed 2.4 & 5 GHz bands shared among many users & applications, Interference risks Broad mature deployment for LANs & WANs, Low-cost hardware, Pending IEEE 802.11ax will provide up to 10.5 Gbps with more efficient spectrum utilization & increased throughput IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 2.3/2.5/3.5 GHz use w/o firm allocations, 802.16e adds mobility & MIMO Middle & last mile broadband to 50 km, Limited market adoption to date Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Recent allocation of 3550-3700 MHz for shared unlicensed use of 80 MHz band & licensed use (with priority) of up to 7 10 MHz channels, Shared with higher priority users (U.S. Military Radar, Fixed Satellite Systems) thru Spectrum Allocation Server (SAS), Further reach than 5 GHz Wi-Fi LTE style protocols for voice & data, Shared spectrum use with situation awareness & dynamic allocation, CBRS Alliance’s OnGo & MulteFire Alliance protocols offer Neutral Host Network Provider & MVNO models, Specs stable & equipment reaching the market, Expansion into 3.7-4.2 GHz possible White Spaces Wireless IEEE 802.11af (White-Fi) uses select unlicensed bands from approx. 470-700 MHz to 600 Mbps to 10 km NLOS for WRAN, up to 100 km in the future with IEEE 802.22 White-Fi uses a TV White Space Database (geo database) to manage spectrum use by unlicensed white space devices by geographic area, Microsoft supporting & doing trials Source: International Research Center
- 5. U.S. Wireless Technology & Spectrum Summary (Continued) Wireless Protocol Tech & Spectrum Apps & Notes Short Haul Special Purpose Networks • Bluetooth - IEEE 802.15.1 at unlicensed 2.4 GHz to 1 Mbps to 30 m, Version 5.0 provides 2 Mbps at greater range, Low Energy (LE), IoT/IIoT & mesh capabilities • Zigbee - IEEE 802.15.4 at unlicensed 915 MHz (NA) & 2.4 GHz at up to 250 Kbps to 100 m, Low power, Suited for IoT/IIoT • Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) at unlicensed 5.9 GHz ITS via IEEE 802.11p DSRC • LiFi short-range data networking with light • RFID/NFC - PAN for Logistics, POS & IoT Bluetooth expanding beyond connecting peripherals to devices & computers to PAN & LAN applications, Bluetooth & Zigbee will both support health monitoring, smart homes/ buildings/cities, mobile lifestyle, transportation, energy, etc. with M2M/IoT/IIoT sensor data aggregation, V2X integrates vehicles for safety & ops Low-Power Wide- Area Networks (LPWANs) • IEEE 802.11ah - HaLow uses unlicensed 902-928 MHz frequencies, Supports bulk M2M & IoT/IIoT communications at 100 Kbps to 1 km for up to 8,192 low-power devices per AP • LoRaWAN - Unlicensed 902-928 MHz in NA at 22 Kbps at very long range (city wide coverage) with deep indoor coverage for IoT/IIoT • Sigfox - Unlicensed 915 MHz (in NA) to 100 bps up to 40 km for broad, low-speed reach • NB-IoT (or LTE-M2) - Narrowband (NB) cellular for LPWAN to 250 Kbps, Mobile operators need new equipment to utilize • LTE Cat M1 - Cellular for LPWAN to 1 Mbps, more easily integrates to existing cellular deployments Long-range IoT/IIoT data collection will be a high device volume, high-growth opportunity at low data rates requiring low-cost subscriptions, All of these LPWAN variants support health monitoring, smart homes/ buildings/cities, mobile lifestyle, transportation, energy, etc., A number of LPWAN approaches will play out with IEEE 802.11ah (HaLow) & LoRaWAN likely to dominate augmented by cellular data services & use of other LPWANs for select situations, Weightless specs Source: International Research Center
- 6. Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Spectrum United States Carrier Frequency Use https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_frequencies_in_the_US Qualcomm
- 7. Cellular 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Protocols & Apps Evolution Evolution of Mobile Standards Cisco 5G Services Bandwidth & Latency Requirements Qualcomm 5G Diverse Services & Devices GMSA/Heavy Reading 5G Access Network Requirements
- 8. 5G Use Cases Source: Information Technology & Innovation Foundation (ITIF) 2018
- 9. FCC licenses 850 & 1900 MHz bands at auctions for specific U.S. geographic subareas, 2G delivers data at up to 1 Mbps & 3G to 15 Mbps, 4G also utilizes 600, 700, 1700, 2100 & 5200 MHz bands for up to 50 Mbps, 5G uses same bands at up to 3 Gbps, 24/28/37/39/47 GHz spectrum auctions under consideration, Cognitive radio capabilities with agile multiband frequency use increasingly practical & continually advancing Source: CB Insights
- 10. 5G LTE Advanced & New Radio (NR)
- 11. Source: Cabling Installation & Maintenance 7/18 Macro and Small Cell Deployment for Cellular Densification
- 12. IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless Overview HaLow White-Fi WiGig Wi-Fi Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Variants, Frequencies & Ranges Current Wi-Fi LAN/WAN Characteristics https://wireless-home-network-made- easy.com/how-does-wifi-work.html ≤10km≤1km≤250m≤100m /ax
- 13. IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi Wireless WAN Example Ubiquiti Networks airMAX Application https://airmax.ubnt.com / Source: Ubiquiti Networks
- 14. Extreme High-Throughput (EHT) Wi-Fi in 6 GHz Band EHT aims to use up to 320-MHz channels in the 6 GHz band. Developers hope that the 6 GHz band is cleared by 2020 for unlicensed use that would include both Wi-Fi and cellular. Wi-Fi proponents aim to retrofit 802.11ax for 6 GHz by that time and have an enhanced 6-GHz implementation available with EHT by 2023. Cognitive radio capabilities with agile multiband frequency use are increasingly utilized & continually advancing in devices & access points to optimize spread spectrum use for geolocation, speed, latency, capacity, distance & interference. https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1333499
- 15. V2X - IEEE 802.11p Uses unlicensed 5.9 GHz ITS frequencies for short-to-medium range vehicle safety & operations Next Generation Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) vehicle safety & operations
- 16. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Evolution & Outlook IEEE 802.11 Variant Tech & Spectrum Apps & Notes IEEE 802.11abg Wi-Fi Legacy protocols on unlicensed 2.4 & 5 GHz bands to 600 Mbps to 100+ m outdoors Baseline Wi-Fi capabilities for APs & CPE, Overall Wi-Fi performance may be limited by legacy devices & interference IEEE 802.11n Wi-Fi 4 Adds MIMO streams to abg for focusing transmissions to 250 m Great advance in Wi-Fi performance for multi-antenna APs & CPE IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi 5 Current highest performance protocol on unlicensed 2.4 & 5 GHz bands up to 3.5 Gbps Downlink MU-MIMO, Mature, widely available advanced Wi-Fi performance & capabilities in base stations, APs & CPE IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi 6 Pending higher performance protocol on unlicensed 2.4 & 5 GHz bands up to 10.5 Gbps Wi-Fi 6 spec pending with commercial development & deployment to follow, Full MU-MIMO, OFDMA, WPA3 security Next Gen Wi-Fi 6 GHZ band unlicensed & cellular reallocation possible IEEE 802.11k/v/r agile multiband pending, Extreme High-Throughput (EHT) pending IEEE 802.11p V2X Unlicensed 5.9 GHz ITS for short-to- medium range, Next gen DSRC Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) & Vehicle-to- Everything (V2X) for vehicle safety & ops IEEE 802.11af White Spaces White-Fi Uses select unlicensed TV bands from approx. 470-700 MHz to 600 Mbps up to 10 km (long distance) NLOS, Nominal cost for geo database use per device White-Fi, White Spaces Wireless or Super Wi-Fi, Managed by cognitive radio tech & geo database dynamically assigning channels for use, IEEE 802.22 emerging for WRAN up to 100 km IEEE 802.11ah HaLow Uses unlicensed 902-928 MHz UHF frequencies up to 100 Kbps to 1 km, up to 8K low power devices per AP WWAN supporting bulk M2M & Io/IIoTT communications for long-range, low-data rate applications IEEE 802.11ad WiGig Uses unlicensed 60 GHz ISM band for up to 7 Gbps up to 5 m range (within a room) Optimized for short-range media & high- bandwidth apps, IEEE 802.11ay will eventually extend to 20+ Gbps Source: International Research Center
- 17. Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Wireless Spectrum: Frequencies & Tiers (SAS = Spectrum Allocation Server) Mobile Experts https://www.leverege.com/blog post/what-is-cbrs-lte-3-5-ghz 3.5 GHz Band
- 18. Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) Wireless Opportunities CBRS Alliance’s OnGo (https://www.cbrsalliance.org/) improves wireless coverage and capacity on a massive scale, making it ideal for in-building, public space and IoT/IIoT wireless needs MulteFire Alliance (https://www.multefire.org/) combines the high performance of LTE with the simple deployment of Wi-Fi Neutral Host Network Provider with OnGo Neutral Host Network Provider with OnGo New Entrant MVNO Capacity Improvement Business Model Graphics: Mobile Experts https://www.mobile-experts.net/
- 19. White Spaces Wireless Spectrum & Opportunities thinkd2c https://www.carlsonwireless.com/
- 21. Rohde & SchwartzHarbor Research/CBRS Alliance Postscapes Multiple Pathways for IoT Connectivity IoT Connection Technology Summary IoT Technology Data Rate and Range Needs Rohde & Schwartz
- 22. IoT Connection Technologies Operating Range Source: Keysight Technologies - CBRS - 802.11ax Added - 802.22 (White Spaces) Added- V2V & V2X
- 23. International Research Center Your Research Edge © 2018 - International Research Center Presented by Mark Goldstein, International Research Center markg@researchedge.com, http://www.researchedge.com/ Presentation Available at http://www.slideshare.net/markgirc