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Physical layer of 5 g

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PeriyanayagiS

The physical layer of 5G will differ significantly from 4G LTE in several ways to improve spectral efficiency and data rates. It will utilize a much larger number of active antennas and antenna arrays to support beamforming and millimeter wave signals. New modulation and coding schemes, components for power amplification and noise reduction, and channel models need to be developed. The 5G physical layer protocol stack separates the layer into PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and SDAP layers to handle functions like error correction, scheduling, security, and QoS flow mapping between layers.

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Physical layer of 5 g
Physical Layer of 5G 01.07.2020 Dr.S.Periyanayagi Professor & Head/ECE Ramco Institute ofTechnology FDP on “Evolution of 5G”
Contents • 5GTechnology Review • Key 5G Parameters • OSI and 5G Network Stack • Physical Layer of 5G • 5G - KeyTechnology Components • Physical Channel & Physical Signals • Duplex Scheme • Physical Layer Challenges 01.07.2020 3 FDP on Evolution of 5G
What is 5G? • 5G is the 5th generation of mobile networks, a significant evolution of today's 4G LTE networks. • It’s a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards. • Designed to meet the very large growth in data and connectivity of today’s modern society, the Internet of Things with billions of connected devices, and tomorrow’s innovations. • Very important advantage of 5G is the fast response time referred to as latency. 01.07.2020 4 FDP on Evolution of 5G
General 5G Cellular Architecture PictureTaken from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-general-5G-cellular-network- architecture_fig19_280873356 01.07.2020 5 FDP on Evolution of 5G
PictureTaken from: http://www.emfexplained.info/?ID=25916 01.07.2020 6 FDP on Evolution of 5G
5G will keep us connected in tomorrow’s smart cities, smart homes and smart schools, and enable opportunities that we haven’t even thought of yet. PictureTaken from: http://www.emfexplained.info/?ID=25916 01.07.2020 7 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The scope of 5G will ultimately range from mobile broadband services to next-generation automobiles and connected devices. • The initial 5G New Radio (NR) specification was completed in June 2018 and published in the 3GPP Release 15 specification. • Two major trends are behind the race to 5G: – Explosive growth in demand for wireless broadband that can carry video and other content-rich services, – Internet of Things (IoT), where large numbers of smart devices communicate over the Internet. 01.07.2020 8 FDP on Evolution of 5G
To achieve these objectives, 5G will provide extreme broadband speed, ultralow latency, and ultra-reliable web connectivity. PictureTaken from:“5G Development with MATLAB” – ebook by Mathworks 01.07.2020 9 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. • 5G networks and devices will require – Substantially different architectures – Radio access technology – Physical layer algorithms – Dense networks of small cells will complement macro base stations – Operating at millimeter wave technologies – Employing massive MIMO antenna arrays • user devices will become more integrated and adaptive 01.07.2020 10 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The vision of 5G wireless access is shown in Figure PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer Principles, Models andTechnology Components” byAli Zaidi Fredrik et al. 01.07.2020 11 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. • 5G wireless access comprises both 5G NR and LTE evolution. LTE is continuously evolving to meet a growing part of the 5G requirements. • The evolution of LTE towards 5G is referred to as the LTE Evolution. • LTE will operate below 6 GHz and NR will operate from sub-1 GHz up to 100 GHz. 01.07.2020 12 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Poll 1. One of the very important advantage of 5G Technology is A. Power Consumption is less B. More Coverage C. Latency D. Communicate with More devices 01.07.2020 13 FDP on Evolution of 5G
5G Terminology • eMBB - Enhanced Mobile Broadband For high-capacity and ultrafast mobile communications for phones and infrastructure, virtual and augmented reality, 3D and ultra-HD video, and haptic feedback • URLLC - Ultra-reliable and Low Latency For vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, autonomous driving • mMTC - Massive Machine-Type Communications For consumer and industrial IoT, Industry 4.0 mission-critical machine-to-machine (MC-M2M) 01.07.2020 14 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Key 5G Parameters Latency in the air link <1 ms Latency end-to-end (device to core) <10 ms Connection density 100x vs. current 4G LTE Area capacity density 1 (Tbit/s)/km2 System spectral efficiency 10 (bit/s)/Hz/cell Peak throughput (downlink) per connection 10 Gbit/s Energy efficiency >90% improvement over LTE Key Parameters 01.07.2020 15 FDP on Evolution of 5G
OSI Stack Presentation Layer 6 Application Layer 7 Network Layer 3 Physical Layer 1 Session Layer 5 Transport Layer 4 Data link Layer 2 1 2 4 OpenWireless Architecture Upper Network Layer Lower Network Layer OpenTransport Protocol Application of Service 5G Network Stack 5G Network Stack 01.07.2020 16 FDP on Evolution of 5G
OWA Layer: OWA layer is the short form of OpenWireless Architecture layer. It functions as physical layer and data link layer of OSI stack. Network Layer: It is used to route data from source IP device to the destination IP device/system. It is divided into lower and upper network layers. OpenTransport Layer: It combines functionality of both transport layer and session layer. Application Layer: It marks the data as per proper format required. It also does encryption and decryption of the data. It selects the best wireless connection for given service. 01.07.2020 17 FDP on Evolution of 5G
• The 5G physical layer will depart from 4G LTE in a number of ways, in order to improve spectral efficiency and data rates. • One distinctive feature is a significant jump in the number of active antennas and antenna arrays, and the related issues of beam forming and millimeter wave RF signal processing. • New modulation and coding schemes, power and low-noise amplifier designs, and channel models all need to be developed. New Physical Layer for 5G 01.07.2020 18 FDP on Evolution of 5G
• The physical layer forms the backbone of 5G NR • The NR physical layer has to support a wide range of frequencies (from sub-1 GHz to 100 GHz) and various deployment options (pico cells, micro cells, macro cells) • Human-centric and Machine-centric use cases • NR is the first ever mobile radio access technology going into millimeter-wave frequency range (with frequencies as high as 100 GHz), targeting channel bandwidths in the GHz range, and enabling massive multi-antenna systems Contd.. 01.07.2020 19 FDP on Evolution of 5G
NR user-plane protocol stack PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer Principles, Models andTechnology Components” byAli Zaidi Fredrik et al. 01.07.2020 20 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The protocol is split into the following layers: Physical (PHY) layer Medium access control (MAC) layer Radio link control (RLC) layer Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer  Service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer 01.07.2020 21 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. • The SDAP layer handles the mapping between quality of service (QoS) flow and radio bearers. IP packets are mapped to radio bearers according to their QoS requirements. • The PDCP layer is primarily responsible for  IP header compression/decompression - reduces the number of bits to transmit over radio interface  Reordering and duplicate detection -mechanisms allow in- sequence delivery of data units and removes duplicate data units.  Ciphering/deciphering - protects from eavesdropping  Integrity protection - ensures message integrity 01.07.2020 22 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The RLC layer - performs error correction through  An automatic repeat request 2 (ARQ) mechanism  Segmentation/resegmentation of (header compressed) IP packets  In-sequence delivery of data units to higher layers • The MAC layer - responsible for error correction through HybridARQ3 (HARQ) mechanism Uplink and downlink scheduling The scheduler controls the assignment of uplink and downlink physical time-frequency resources for transmission Takes care of multiplexing data across multiple component carriers when carrier aggregation is employed 01.07.2020 23 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The PHY layer handles  Coding/decoding  Modulation/demodulation  Multi antenna processing  Mapping of signals to physical time-frequency resources 01.07.2020 24 FDP on Evolution of 5G
New Radio Physical Layer • The key technology components of the NR physical layer are  Modulation  Waveform  Multi antenna transmission  Channel coding 01.07.2020 25 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Minute paper -Activity • List - 5GTerminology • List - 5G Network Stack layer 01.07.2020 FDP on 5G Evolution 26
Answer 5G terminology • eMBB – Enabled Mobile Broad Band • URLLC – Ultra reliable and Low Latency • mMTC – Massive machine type Communication 5G Network Stack layer • OpenWirelessArchitecture layer • Lower & upper Network Layer • OpenTransport Layer • Application of Service 01.07.2020 FDP on 5G Evolution 27
MODULATION • NR supports  Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)  16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)  64 QAM  256 QAM modulation formats for both uplink and downlink, as in LTE • π/2-BPSK is supported in uplink to enable a further reduced peak-to-average power ratio and enhanced power amplifier efficiency at lower data rates, which is important for mMTC services. 01.07.2020 28 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Waveform • In the downlink direction, the multiple access is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), similar to LTE. • In the uplink direction, 5G has adopted both OFDMA and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) • while LTE uses only SC-FDMA. SC-FDMA is often denoted also as DFT-Spread OFDMA (DFT-S- OFDMA). 01.07.2020 29 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The motivation for the use of OFDMA comes from better performance with the multiple antenna transmission case. • Traditionally, the use of OFDMA has caused about 1–2 dB loss in the available power for the uplink transmission compared to the SC-FDMA waveform. • However, even if the resulting transmission power is less, the better link performance with multi-antenna multi-stream transmission makes OFDMA a better choice when the link budget has some margin. 01.07.2020 30 FDP on Evolution of 5G
PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer”- Chapter 6 by Mihai Enescu et al. 01.07.2020 31 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • The other aspect is interference management in Time Division Duplex (TDD) networks. • Its easier to handle if both uplink and downlink use the same multiple access solution. • The uplink direction uses SC-FDMA (DFT-S- OFDMA) for the cases when the transmission power is limited and the use of uplink multi-stream transmission is not possible. 01.07.2020 32 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • 5G will fall back to SC-FDMA operation when there is not enough link quality for multi-stream operation. The SC-FDMA principle is illustrated in Figure. • The same principle used in LTE is maintained, with only one symbol at a time sent using SC-FDMA transmission. • The FFT/IFFT pair at the transmitter side allows the transmission to be placed accurately and without filtering complexity in the correct place within the carrier. 01.07.2020 33 FDP on Evolution of 5G
PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer”- Chapter 6 by Mihai Enescu et al. 01.07.2020 34 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. • Compared to LTE, the new 5G radio needed to be operated with:  Higher frequency bands, with the Release 15 frequency range reaching up to 52.6GHz and studies in Release 17 considering ranges up to 114 GHz  Higher bandwidths with up to 100MHz on lower frequency bands (below 7.125 GHz) and up to 400MHz with above-24-GHz bands  Shorter latency down to the sub-millisecond level 01.07.2020 35 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Among the chief advantages of OFDM and OFDMA • Ease of implementation of both transmitter and receiver • use of fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) blocks • Ability to counteract multi-path distortion • Orthogonality of subcarriers, which eliminates inter- cell interference • Easy coupling with adaptive modulation techniques • Ease of integration with multi-antenna hardware, both at the transmitter and receiver 01.07.2020 36 FDP on Evolution of 5G
New Modulation Formats for future 5G  FBMC - Filter-bank Multicarrier  GFDM - Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing  BFDM -Bi-orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing  UFMC -Universal Filtered Multicarrier  TFP -Time-frequency Packing 01.07.2020 37 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Multiple Antenna • Multiantenna techniques in NR - more fundamental role in the system design. • Advances in active array antenna technology have made it possible to have digital control over a large number of antenna elements, referred to as massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). • NR provides better support for multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and reciprocity-based operation. 01.07.2020 38 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Channel Coding • Channel coding is one of the main hardware critical components in 5G • Codes used in 5G are capable of providing good performance gains with a lower implementation complexity and processing delays compared to its predecessors • Selection of the channel coding scheme based on the eMBB requirements such as  Performance of the coding scheme  Implementation complexity  latency of encoding and decoding  flexibility (e.g. variable code length, code rate, HARQ) of the coding scheme 01.07.2020 39 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • Coding schemes for the data channel and control channel are based on block sizes and code rates. • Data channels use Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes • Control channel design is based on polar coding • quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes are the most realistic type and provides lower encoding/ decoding complexities • 5G channel coding - QC-LDPC codes 01.07.2020 40 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Physical Channels • Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)- downlink data transmission. • Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) - downlink control information scheduling decisions required for downlink data (PDSCH) reception scheduling grants giving permission for uplink data (PUSCH) transmission by a UE • Physical broadcast channel (PBCH) - broadcasting system information required by a UE to access the network. 01.07.2020 41 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… • Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) - uplink data transmission • Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) - used for uplink control information  HARQ feedback acknowledgments (indicating whether a downlink transmission was successful or not)  Scheduling request (requesting time-frequency resources from network for uplink transmissions)  Downlink channel-state information for link adaptation. • Physical random access channel (PRACH) - to request connection setup referred to as random access. 01.07.2020 42 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Modulation Schemes & Channel Coding 01.07.2020 43 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. 01.07.2020 44 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Physical Signals • The time-frequency resources that are used by the PHY layer but do contain information from higher layers (i.e., layers above the PHY layer) are termed physical signals • The physical signals are reference signals used for different purposes  Demodulation  Channel estimation  Synchronization  Channel-state information 01.07.2020 45 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. Downlink physical signals: • Demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) • Phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) • Channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) • Primary synchronization signal (PSS) • Secondary synchronization signal (SSS) Uplink physical signals: • Demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) • Phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) • Sounding reference signal (SRS) 01.07.2020 46 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd… DM-RS - estimate the radio channel for demodulation PT-RS – Enable compensation of the oscillator phase noise (Phase noise increases with frequency) CSI-RS – Beam Management,Time/Frequency tracking and Uplink control SRS – Scheduling and Link Adaptation PSS & SSS – Synchronization 01.07.2020 47 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Duplexing Scheme • NR Supports – TDD (Time division Duplexing) – FDD (Frequency division Duplexing) • At Low frequencies : Spectrum allocation are paired, implying FDD • At High frequencies: Spectrum allocation are unpaired, implyingTDD • NR supports dynamicTDD 01.07.2020 48 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Physical Layer Challenges • 5G NR is the first cellular technology to  Operate at millimeter-wave frequencies  Support GHz of bandwidths  Utilize a massive number of antennas • These aspects impose a number of challenges for operation of NR physical layer • Propagation Related Challenges – Multi antennaTechnique compensate for Loss/ Gain/ Performance – Beam Forming performance at millimeter wave frequency is largely unknown 01.07.2020 49 FDP on Evolution of 5G
Contd.. • Hardware Related Challenges  New challenges: Efficient radio implementation as both the number of deployed transceivers and their operating frequencies and bandwidths increase.  RF power amplifier (PA) continues to play a critical role as a major consumer of power.  antenna systems using directive transmission is assessing the distortion behavior  RF oscillators : Maintaining a stable oscillation becomes more difficult at very high frequencies  Advanced signal processing hardware and algorithms 01.07.2020 50 FDP on Evolution of 5G
References 1. “5G Physical Layer”- Chapter 6 by Mihai Enescu, Keeth Jayasinghe, Karri Ranta-Aho, Karol Schober,and Antti Toskala,Nokia Bell Labs, Finland, JohnWiley & Sons Ltd, 2020 2. “5G Physical Layer Principles, Models and Technology Components” by Ali Zaidi Fredrik Athley Jonas Medbo Ulf Gustavsson Giuseppe Durisi Xiaoming Chen (z-lib.org), Elesiver ISBN: 978-0-12- 814578-4. 3. “Signal processing for 5G - algorithms and implementations“ by Fa-Long Luo, Ph.D., IEEE Fellow Charlie (Jianzhong) Zhang, Ph.D., IEEE Fellow,Wiley Publication, ISBN 9781119116486. 4. 5G New radio – Physical Layer overview and performance in IEEE Communication Theory Workshop 2018 by Amibadha Ghosh, Nokia Bell Labs 01.07.2020 51 FDP on Evolution of 5G
5. “5G Development with MATLAB” – ebook by Mathworks 6. Mehrdad Shariat et. al,“A Flexible Network Architecture for 5G Systems”, HindawiWireless Communications and Mobile Computing ,Vol. 2019,pp 1-20, doi.org/10.1155/2019/5264012. 7. ‘5G NR Physical layer General description(3GPPTS 38.201 version 15.0.0 Release 15)’, ETSITechnical Specification 138 201V15.0.0 (2018-09) 8. ’Understanding 5G NR Physical Layer’, KeysightTechnology, Nov. 2017 9. https://in.mathworks.com/videos/understanding-and-modeling- the-5g-nr-physical-layer-1576072995802.html 01.07.2020 52 FDP on Evolution of 5G
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Physical layer of 5 g

  • 2. Physical Layer of 5G 01.07.2020 Dr.S.Periyanayagi Professor & Head/ECE Ramco Institute ofTechnology FDP on “Evolution of 5G”
  • 3. Contents • 5GTechnology Review • Key 5G Parameters • OSI and 5G Network Stack • Physical Layer of 5G • 5G - KeyTechnology Components • Physical Channel & Physical Signals • Duplex Scheme • Physical Layer Challenges 01.07.2020 3 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 4. What is 5G? • 5G is the 5th generation of mobile networks, a significant evolution of today's 4G LTE networks. • It’s a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards. • Designed to meet the very large growth in data and connectivity of today’s modern society, the Internet of Things with billions of connected devices, and tomorrow’s innovations. • Very important advantage of 5G is the fast response time referred to as latency. 01.07.2020 4 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 5. General 5G Cellular Architecture PictureTaken from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-general-5G-cellular-network- architecture_fig19_280873356 01.07.2020 5 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 7. 5G will keep us connected in tomorrow’s smart cities, smart homes and smart schools, and enable opportunities that we haven’t even thought of yet. PictureTaken from: http://www.emfexplained.info/?ID=25916 01.07.2020 7 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 8. Contd… • The scope of 5G will ultimately range from mobile broadband services to next-generation automobiles and connected devices. • The initial 5G New Radio (NR) specification was completed in June 2018 and published in the 3GPP Release 15 specification. • Two major trends are behind the race to 5G: – Explosive growth in demand for wireless broadband that can carry video and other content-rich services, – Internet of Things (IoT), where large numbers of smart devices communicate over the Internet. 01.07.2020 8 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 9. To achieve these objectives, 5G will provide extreme broadband speed, ultralow latency, and ultra-reliable web connectivity. PictureTaken from:“5G Development with MATLAB” – ebook by Mathworks 01.07.2020 9 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 10. Contd.. • 5G networks and devices will require – Substantially different architectures – Radio access technology – Physical layer algorithms – Dense networks of small cells will complement macro base stations – Operating at millimeter wave technologies – Employing massive MIMO antenna arrays • user devices will become more integrated and adaptive 01.07.2020 10 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 11. Contd… • The vision of 5G wireless access is shown in Figure PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer Principles, Models andTechnology Components” byAli Zaidi Fredrik et al. 01.07.2020 11 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 12. Contd.. • 5G wireless access comprises both 5G NR and LTE evolution. LTE is continuously evolving to meet a growing part of the 5G requirements. • The evolution of LTE towards 5G is referred to as the LTE Evolution. • LTE will operate below 6 GHz and NR will operate from sub-1 GHz up to 100 GHz. 01.07.2020 12 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 13. Poll 1. One of the very important advantage of 5G Technology is A. Power Consumption is less B. More Coverage C. Latency D. Communicate with More devices 01.07.2020 13 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 14. 5G Terminology • eMBB - Enhanced Mobile Broadband For high-capacity and ultrafast mobile communications for phones and infrastructure, virtual and augmented reality, 3D and ultra-HD video, and haptic feedback • URLLC - Ultra-reliable and Low Latency For vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, autonomous driving • mMTC - Massive Machine-Type Communications For consumer and industrial IoT, Industry 4.0 mission-critical machine-to-machine (MC-M2M) 01.07.2020 14 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 15. Key 5G Parameters Latency in the air link <1 ms Latency end-to-end (device to core) <10 ms Connection density 100x vs. current 4G LTE Area capacity density 1 (Tbit/s)/km2 System spectral efficiency 10 (bit/s)/Hz/cell Peak throughput (downlink) per connection 10 Gbit/s Energy efficiency >90% improvement over LTE Key Parameters 01.07.2020 15 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 16. OSI Stack Presentation Layer 6 Application Layer 7 Network Layer 3 Physical Layer 1 Session Layer 5 Transport Layer 4 Data link Layer 2 1 2 4 OpenWireless Architecture Upper Network Layer Lower Network Layer OpenTransport Protocol Application of Service 5G Network Stack 5G Network Stack 01.07.2020 16 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 17. OWA Layer: OWA layer is the short form of OpenWireless Architecture layer. It functions as physical layer and data link layer of OSI stack. Network Layer: It is used to route data from source IP device to the destination IP device/system. It is divided into lower and upper network layers. OpenTransport Layer: It combines functionality of both transport layer and session layer. Application Layer: It marks the data as per proper format required. It also does encryption and decryption of the data. It selects the best wireless connection for given service. 01.07.2020 17 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 18. • The 5G physical layer will depart from 4G LTE in a number of ways, in order to improve spectral efficiency and data rates. • One distinctive feature is a significant jump in the number of active antennas and antenna arrays, and the related issues of beam forming and millimeter wave RF signal processing. • New modulation and coding schemes, power and low-noise amplifier designs, and channel models all need to be developed. New Physical Layer for 5G 01.07.2020 18 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 19. • The physical layer forms the backbone of 5G NR • The NR physical layer has to support a wide range of frequencies (from sub-1 GHz to 100 GHz) and various deployment options (pico cells, micro cells, macro cells) • Human-centric and Machine-centric use cases • NR is the first ever mobile radio access technology going into millimeter-wave frequency range (with frequencies as high as 100 GHz), targeting channel bandwidths in the GHz range, and enabling massive multi-antenna systems Contd.. 01.07.2020 19 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 20. NR user-plane protocol stack PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer Principles, Models andTechnology Components” byAli Zaidi Fredrik et al. 01.07.2020 20 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 21. Contd… • The protocol is split into the following layers: Physical (PHY) layer Medium access control (MAC) layer Radio link control (RLC) layer Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer  Service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer 01.07.2020 21 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 22. Contd.. • The SDAP layer handles the mapping between quality of service (QoS) flow and radio bearers. IP packets are mapped to radio bearers according to their QoS requirements. • The PDCP layer is primarily responsible for  IP header compression/decompression - reduces the number of bits to transmit over radio interface  Reordering and duplicate detection -mechanisms allow in- sequence delivery of data units and removes duplicate data units.  Ciphering/deciphering - protects from eavesdropping  Integrity protection - ensures message integrity 01.07.2020 22 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 23. Contd… • The RLC layer - performs error correction through  An automatic repeat request 2 (ARQ) mechanism  Segmentation/resegmentation of (header compressed) IP packets  In-sequence delivery of data units to higher layers • The MAC layer - responsible for error correction through HybridARQ3 (HARQ) mechanism Uplink and downlink scheduling The scheduler controls the assignment of uplink and downlink physical time-frequency resources for transmission Takes care of multiplexing data across multiple component carriers when carrier aggregation is employed 01.07.2020 23 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 24. Contd… • The PHY layer handles  Coding/decoding  Modulation/demodulation  Multi antenna processing  Mapping of signals to physical time-frequency resources 01.07.2020 24 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 25. New Radio Physical Layer • The key technology components of the NR physical layer are  Modulation  Waveform  Multi antenna transmission  Channel coding 01.07.2020 25 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 26. Minute paper -Activity • List - 5GTerminology • List - 5G Network Stack layer 01.07.2020 FDP on 5G Evolution 26
  • 27. Answer 5G terminology • eMBB – Enabled Mobile Broad Band • URLLC – Ultra reliable and Low Latency • mMTC – Massive machine type Communication 5G Network Stack layer • OpenWirelessArchitecture layer • Lower & upper Network Layer • OpenTransport Layer • Application of Service 01.07.2020 FDP on 5G Evolution 27
  • 28. MODULATION • NR supports  Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)  16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)  64 QAM  256 QAM modulation formats for both uplink and downlink, as in LTE • π/2-BPSK is supported in uplink to enable a further reduced peak-to-average power ratio and enhanced power amplifier efficiency at lower data rates, which is important for mMTC services. 01.07.2020 28 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 29. Waveform • In the downlink direction, the multiple access is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), similar to LTE. • In the uplink direction, 5G has adopted both OFDMA and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) • while LTE uses only SC-FDMA. SC-FDMA is often denoted also as DFT-Spread OFDMA (DFT-S- OFDMA). 01.07.2020 29 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 30. Contd… • The motivation for the use of OFDMA comes from better performance with the multiple antenna transmission case. • Traditionally, the use of OFDMA has caused about 1–2 dB loss in the available power for the uplink transmission compared to the SC-FDMA waveform. • However, even if the resulting transmission power is less, the better link performance with multi-antenna multi-stream transmission makes OFDMA a better choice when the link budget has some margin. 01.07.2020 30 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 31. PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer”- Chapter 6 by Mihai Enescu et al. 01.07.2020 31 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 32. Contd… • The other aspect is interference management in Time Division Duplex (TDD) networks. • Its easier to handle if both uplink and downlink use the same multiple access solution. • The uplink direction uses SC-FDMA (DFT-S- OFDMA) for the cases when the transmission power is limited and the use of uplink multi-stream transmission is not possible. 01.07.2020 32 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 33. Contd… • 5G will fall back to SC-FDMA operation when there is not enough link quality for multi-stream operation. The SC-FDMA principle is illustrated in Figure. • The same principle used in LTE is maintained, with only one symbol at a time sent using SC-FDMA transmission. • The FFT/IFFT pair at the transmitter side allows the transmission to be placed accurately and without filtering complexity in the correct place within the carrier. 01.07.2020 33 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 34. PictureTaken from: “5G Physical Layer”- Chapter 6 by Mihai Enescu et al. 01.07.2020 34 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 35. Contd.. • Compared to LTE, the new 5G radio needed to be operated with:  Higher frequency bands, with the Release 15 frequency range reaching up to 52.6GHz and studies in Release 17 considering ranges up to 114 GHz  Higher bandwidths with up to 100MHz on lower frequency bands (below 7.125 GHz) and up to 400MHz with above-24-GHz bands  Shorter latency down to the sub-millisecond level 01.07.2020 35 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 36. Among the chief advantages of OFDM and OFDMA • Ease of implementation of both transmitter and receiver • use of fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) blocks • Ability to counteract multi-path distortion • Orthogonality of subcarriers, which eliminates inter- cell interference • Easy coupling with adaptive modulation techniques • Ease of integration with multi-antenna hardware, both at the transmitter and receiver 01.07.2020 36 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 37. New Modulation Formats for future 5G  FBMC - Filter-bank Multicarrier  GFDM - Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing  BFDM -Bi-orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing  UFMC -Universal Filtered Multicarrier  TFP -Time-frequency Packing 01.07.2020 37 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 38. Multiple Antenna • Multiantenna techniques in NR - more fundamental role in the system design. • Advances in active array antenna technology have made it possible to have digital control over a large number of antenna elements, referred to as massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). • NR provides better support for multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and reciprocity-based operation. 01.07.2020 38 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 39. Channel Coding • Channel coding is one of the main hardware critical components in 5G • Codes used in 5G are capable of providing good performance gains with a lower implementation complexity and processing delays compared to its predecessors • Selection of the channel coding scheme based on the eMBB requirements such as  Performance of the coding scheme  Implementation complexity  latency of encoding and decoding  flexibility (e.g. variable code length, code rate, HARQ) of the coding scheme 01.07.2020 39 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 40. Contd… • Coding schemes for the data channel and control channel are based on block sizes and code rates. • Data channels use Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes • Control channel design is based on polar coding • quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes are the most realistic type and provides lower encoding/ decoding complexities • 5G channel coding - QC-LDPC codes 01.07.2020 40 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 41. Physical Channels • Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)- downlink data transmission. • Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) - downlink control information scheduling decisions required for downlink data (PDSCH) reception scheduling grants giving permission for uplink data (PUSCH) transmission by a UE • Physical broadcast channel (PBCH) - broadcasting system information required by a UE to access the network. 01.07.2020 41 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 42. Contd… • Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) - uplink data transmission • Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) - used for uplink control information  HARQ feedback acknowledgments (indicating whether a downlink transmission was successful or not)  Scheduling request (requesting time-frequency resources from network for uplink transmissions)  Downlink channel-state information for link adaptation. • Physical random access channel (PRACH) - to request connection setup referred to as random access. 01.07.2020 42 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 43. Modulation Schemes & Channel Coding 01.07.2020 43 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 44. Contd.. 01.07.2020 44 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 45. Physical Signals • The time-frequency resources that are used by the PHY layer but do contain information from higher layers (i.e., layers above the PHY layer) are termed physical signals • The physical signals are reference signals used for different purposes  Demodulation  Channel estimation  Synchronization  Channel-state information 01.07.2020 45 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 46. Contd.. Downlink physical signals: • Demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) • Phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) • Channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) • Primary synchronization signal (PSS) • Secondary synchronization signal (SSS) Uplink physical signals: • Demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) • Phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) • Sounding reference signal (SRS) 01.07.2020 46 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 47. Contd… DM-RS - estimate the radio channel for demodulation PT-RS – Enable compensation of the oscillator phase noise (Phase noise increases with frequency) CSI-RS – Beam Management,Time/Frequency tracking and Uplink control SRS – Scheduling and Link Adaptation PSS & SSS – Synchronization 01.07.2020 47 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 48. Duplexing Scheme • NR Supports – TDD (Time division Duplexing) – FDD (Frequency division Duplexing) • At Low frequencies : Spectrum allocation are paired, implying FDD • At High frequencies: Spectrum allocation are unpaired, implyingTDD • NR supports dynamicTDD 01.07.2020 48 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 49. Physical Layer Challenges • 5G NR is the first cellular technology to  Operate at millimeter-wave frequencies  Support GHz of bandwidths  Utilize a massive number of antennas • These aspects impose a number of challenges for operation of NR physical layer • Propagation Related Challenges – Multi antennaTechnique compensate for Loss/ Gain/ Performance – Beam Forming performance at millimeter wave frequency is largely unknown 01.07.2020 49 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 50. Contd.. • Hardware Related Challenges  New challenges: Efficient radio implementation as both the number of deployed transceivers and their operating frequencies and bandwidths increase.  RF power amplifier (PA) continues to play a critical role as a major consumer of power.  antenna systems using directive transmission is assessing the distortion behavior  RF oscillators : Maintaining a stable oscillation becomes more difficult at very high frequencies  Advanced signal processing hardware and algorithms 01.07.2020 50 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 51. References 1. “5G Physical Layer”- Chapter 6 by Mihai Enescu, Keeth Jayasinghe, Karri Ranta-Aho, Karol Schober,and Antti Toskala,Nokia Bell Labs, Finland, JohnWiley & Sons Ltd, 2020 2. “5G Physical Layer Principles, Models and Technology Components” by Ali Zaidi Fredrik Athley Jonas Medbo Ulf Gustavsson Giuseppe Durisi Xiaoming Chen (z-lib.org), Elesiver ISBN: 978-0-12- 814578-4. 3. “Signal processing for 5G - algorithms and implementations“ by Fa-Long Luo, Ph.D., IEEE Fellow Charlie (Jianzhong) Zhang, Ph.D., IEEE Fellow,Wiley Publication, ISBN 9781119116486. 4. 5G New radio – Physical Layer overview and performance in IEEE Communication Theory Workshop 2018 by Amibadha Ghosh, Nokia Bell Labs 01.07.2020 51 FDP on Evolution of 5G
  • 52. 5. “5G Development with MATLAB” – ebook by Mathworks 6. Mehrdad Shariat et. al,“A Flexible Network Architecture for 5G Systems”, HindawiWireless Communications and Mobile Computing ,Vol. 2019,pp 1-20, doi.org/10.1155/2019/5264012. 7. ‘5G NR Physical layer General description(3GPPTS 38.201 version 15.0.0 Release 15)’, ETSITechnical Specification 138 201V15.0.0 (2018-09) 8. ’Understanding 5G NR Physical Layer’, KeysightTechnology, Nov. 2017 9. https://in.mathworks.com/videos/understanding-and-modeling- the-5g-nr-physical-layer-1576072995802.html 01.07.2020 52 FDP on Evolution of 5G