IGIDR-IFPRI - Challenges and Opportunities of GM crops P Ananda Kumar, ANGRAU
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The document discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with genetically modified (GM) crops, highlighting the need for food security amid a growing global population. It identifies specific problems such as malnutrition and declining agricultural land while outlining the benefits of GM crops, like increased productivity and reduced pesticide use. Additionally, it emphasizes the promise of GM technology in addressing food quality and safety, but notes obstacles like regulatory hurdles and public resistance.
IGIDR-IFPRI - Challenges and Opportunities of GM crops P Ananda Kumar, ANGRAU
- 1. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF GM CROPS P. ANANDA KUMAR Institute of Biotechnology ANGRAU Hyderabad 500030
- 2. INDIA 2008: 1.15 b 2050: 1.50 b POPULATION
- 3. “Food Security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life” World Food Summit, 1996: FAO, 1996 FOOD SECURITY
- 4. COMMODITY 2000 2010 2020 FOOD GRAINS 208.0 266.0 343.0 EDIBLE OIL 6.3 9.4 13.0 VEGETABLES 80.0 117.2 168.0 FRUITS 22.2 42.9 81.0 MILK 84.0 153.1 271.0 MEAT, FISH & EGGS 6.2 12.7 27.0 SUGAR 12.8 17.3 22.0 TIFAC: TECHNOLOGY VISION 2020 FUTURE NEED Million Tonnes
- 5. INDIAN AGRICULTURE • Agriculture represents 14% GDP • 126 million farming families engaged in Primary agriculture • 234 million in agriculture sector • Average farm size – 1.41 Ha • 90 % production - domestic use • Export – $6 billion (1.5% of total exports) • 700 million people living in 683,000 villages • Human development index: 134/182 • Global hunger index: 23.7 (World 14.6)
- 6. CHALLENGES Urbanization Diminishing area of cultivated land Soil erosion Salinization of land Depleting water resources Vanishing energy resources New threats (E.g., Ug99) Global climate change
- 7. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS Malnutrition (40% of global malnourished) Hunger (1/5th population) Undernourishment Micronutrient deficiency Anemia in women and children Strict consumer preferences
- 8. GM CROPS - OPPORTUNITIES • Break Yield Barriers (Next Quantum Jump) • Improve productivity - output/input ratio • Improve quality of foods (Nutrition) • Minimize chemical inputs – pesticides and fertilizers (Safe & Sustainable agriculture) Mitigate adverse effects of Climate Change JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
- 9. GM CROPS-THE PROMISE More food Better quality food Safer food Healthy foods Designer foods
- 10. PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic manipulation of a plant species by introduction and expression of a foreign gene or its own gene to confer a novel trait or character
- 11. Dr Bruce Chassy, UIUC
- 12. GM CROPS (Transgenic Crops) • Resistance to pests and diseases • Tolerance to drought and salinity • Production of high yielding hybrids • Improvement of protein and oil quality • Post-harvest traits • Metabolic manipulation • Therapeutics • Edible vaccines • Phytoremediation
- 13. GM CROPS GLOBAL STATUS Area of GM crops in 2013 is 170 million hectares in 28 countries Herbicide tolerance Insect pest resistance Virus resistance Male sterility Modified oil quality ISAAA, 2007 ISAAA, 2014
- 14. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS - 1996-2012 •Increased crop production and value by US$ 116.60 billion •Providing a better environment, by saving 443 m kg of pesticides •Reducing CO2 emissions-19 billion kg = 9 m cars off the road-2010 •Conserved biodiversity by saving 91 million hectares of land •Helped alleviate poverty by helping 15.0 million small farmers who are some of the poorest people in the world Brookes and Barfoot, 2014
- 15. Slow-Ripening Tomato “Flavr-Savr” (First commercialized GM crop-1994) • Improved texture • Delayed ripening • Facilitation of transportation
- 16. PEST RESISTANCE Bt Cotton - 1995 • Carries a gene coding for δ-endotoxin of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis, a biopesticide) • The gene confers resistance to bollworms • Protects the yield • Drastically reduces pesticide consumption (290,000 METRIC TONS OF PESTICIDE INGREDIENT)
- 17. Non-Bt (Tigers) and Bt cotton
- 18. Bt-cotton - First GM crop – 2002 Area – >10.0 million hectares - 2013 Bt cotton hybrids - 1200 - 2013 Net economic benefit - $ 225/ha Yield gain - 31% Reduction in pesticide sprays – 39% Increase in profit – 88% Second in global cotton production (34 million bales - 2013-14) Bt-COTTON IN INDIA
- 19. Bt-BRINJAL VARIETIES (Fruit Borer Protection) IIVR, UAS-D, TNAU PUBLIC-PRIVATE PATNERSHIP WITH M/S MAHYCO ABSP II
- 20. Bt Normal (Cry1Fa; Patent No. 242768) Licensed to M/S Bejo Sheetal NRCPB RBLB . I pBinBt9LB . cry1Fa1 35S Pro Fruit damage Control: 45%; Bt: 2% BRL II 2014-15 Bt-Brinjal (IARI/ICAR)
- 21. Parent Null Transgenic BS 6H (Bt) AAU, Jorhat & NRCPB (Cry2Aa; NRCPB Patent) Plant Science, 2010 Bt-CHICKPEA Resistance to Gram Pod Borer BRL I; 2014-15
- 22. BROWN PLANT HOPPER RESISTANT RICE Osmania University Nagadhara et al., Theor. Appl. Gen., 2004;109: 1399-1405 Snowdrop Lectin Field Trial at Maruteru ANGRAU Glass house Tests
- 23. DISEASE RESISTANCE GM Papaya - Resistant to Ring Spot Virus Late Blight Resistant Potato (Hawaii and China) CPRI-Shimla
- 24. HERBICIDE RESISTANCE Resistant to eco-friendly herbicides. Soybean, Corn, Cotton, Canola & Alfalfa CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND BETTER WEED CONTROL Roundup Ready Flex Bt cotton – Field tests CONTROL E-2 E-3 E- 6 Glyphosate tolerant Rice - IR 64 NRCPB
- 26. NUTRITIONAL QUALITY “GOLDEN RICE” - β-carotene - Provitamin A Dr Gerard Barry, IRRI
- 27. IARI, New Delhi DRR, Hyderabad TNAU, Coimbatore INDIAN GOLDEN RICE NETWORK CENTRES Swarna Jaya ADT43 ASD16 BPT5204 MTU1010 Dr A K Singh, IARI
- 28. Qu et al., Planta 2005; 222: 225-233 IRON AVAILABILITY FERRITIN IN RICE ENDOSPERM
- 29. Improved Protein Quality Introduction of an Amaranthus gene coding for a protein with balanced amino acid content (WHO standards) in potato Ama1 - GM Potato Biosafety and Field Tests - NIPGR Chakraborty et al., PNAS 2000; 97: 7 3724-3729
- 30. OIL QUALITY • High oleic acid canola and soybean. (Unsaturated Fatty Acids-Healthy) • High Laurate Canola (Industrial) (Commercialized in USA, Calgene)
- 31. HYBRID PRODUCTION • Creation of male sterile and restorer lines • Use of bacterial genes Barnase & Barstar (E.g. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) • Production of high yielding hybrids • Hybrids of Canola Commercialized (Canada, Australia, USA) MUSTARD HYBRDS - BRL II FIELD TESTS - UDSC
- 32. DROUGHT TOLERANCE Transgenic maize which expresses an RNA chaperone gene is tolerant to salt and water stress - USA-2013 AFRICA CIMMYT-MONSANTO Melinda & Bill Gates Foundation
- 33. THE ROAD AHEAD 1. Several speed breakers. 2. Enormous cost of biosafey tests 3. Excessive GM regulation-Impediment to PRS efforts. 4. Losing time - Ecological disasters 5. Thousands of Deaths due to pesticide poisoning, malnutrition, anemia etc., 6. Strident anti-GM campaign 7. Many states declared their opposition to GM 8. “No Objection Certificate” – Rules 1989 9. Public awareness – Need of the hour 10. BRAI bill ?? Science based policy, Dialogue and Complementarity
- 34. THANK YOU