Vehicles Charged Via Wireless Technology (Microwave Energy)

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 8, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1651
Vehicles Charged Via Wireless Technology (Microwave Energy)
Avinash Shrotriya1
Runa2
Syed Nabil Akhtar3
1
M.Tech Scholar 2
B. Tech Scholar 3
B. Tech Scholar
1
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.
1, 2, 3
Drona’s College of Management and Technical Education, Dehradun
Abstract—Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is an
inchoate side in every sector of science & technology. In
this paper we present a model of Electric Vehicle (EV)
charging with the help of renewable energy source using this
WPT. We present a configuration, consist of two optimized
square loop wire antennas in communication &tuned at
mutual frequency with aim of showing the improvement of
the size of the batteries & the power efficiency over longer
distance. Through this wireless function Electric Vehicle
system (EVs) get charged by microwave beam from
transmitter & then receiver will capture thus microwave
beam. This is then transferred into DC power &
electrochemical storage is finally used to store the power. In
this Li-ion battery replaces traditional fossil fuel system of
automotive vehicles.
Key words: wireless power transmission; electric vehicle;
renewable energy; microwave beam; DC power;
electrochemical storage; Li-ion battery.
I. INTRODUCTION
Our environment is being polluted by the fuel transport
system severely because of the emission of CO2, NO gases
from the conventional vehicles. For fuel consumption &
zero emission the Electric Vehicle (EV) transport system is
more suitable & reliable in this Case. Today’s hybrid EV,
plug in EV becoming popular because of operating via
electricity [1].
The microwave phased array transmitter will
produce beam at 2.45GHz & 5.8GHz frequency from DC
power & emit to vehicle rectenna which is set beneath the
vehicle [2]. Finally the rectenna will convert the beam back
to DC energy & store it via various mechanical & electrical
devices. For this Li-ion battery has been introduced to store
the energy for operating vehicles.
Fig. 1: wireless car charging
Wireless power can be transmitted via 3
techniques: Inductive coupling, Electromagnetic coupling &
Microwave coupling [6]. It has been reported that inductive
coupling techniques have high power transfer efficiency (on
the order of 90%); however the power efficiency of such
technique decreases for a longer distance drastically. This is
used for very short lengths of (1-3 cm). Online EV system
also based on electromagnetic coupling has an underground
electric coil. It is having efficiency 72% & the distance
between transmitting & receiving antenna is 170mm. but in
Microwave coupling, the power based on microwave
transmission has larger efficiency approximately 75-80%
within the same distance as above [2].
II. HIGH POWER CONVERTER OF MICROWAVES
INTO DC POWER
For many types of wireless power transmission (WPT)
systems, diode-type rectenna (rectify antenna) is the best
(and the simplest) device for back-conversion of
microwaves into D.C. Diode-type rectennas have played and
play a fundamental role at the stage of principal
demonstration of the possibilities of high efficient wireless
power transmission by microwaves. However they become
not so much attractive for future real high power industrial
WPT systems [4].
Microwave oscillators for example magnetron,
klystron& travelling wave tube are used as microwave beam
production. They take energy from renewable sources which
help to produce more powered beam width. High power
microwave amplifiers & oscillators are used.
High power Microwave OscillatorA.
1) Klystron:
Klystrons amplify RF signals by converting the kinetic
energy in a DC electron beam into radio frequency power.
Klystron amplifiers have the advantage (over
the magnetron) of coherently amplifying a reference signal
so its output may be precisely controlled in
amplitude, frequency and phase. The klystron amplifier is
sensitive to the beam power supply variation. Typical values
for a 3kW klystron have 8.5 kV for beam voltage. [7]
2) Travelling Wave Tubes (TWT) power supply:
A TWT integrated with a regulated power supply and
protection circuits is referred to as a traveling-wave-tube
amplifier.[3] A TWTA consists of a traveling-wave tube
coupled with its protection circuits (as in klystron) and
regulated power supply Electronic Power
Conditioner (EPC), which may be supplied and integrated
by a different manufacturer[3]. A TWTA whose output
drives an antenna is a type of transmitter. TWTA
transmitters are used extensively in radar, particularly in
airborne fire-control radar systems, and in electronic
warfare and self-protection systems.
Transmitting beam by phase array antennaB.
The antenna which is termed as the phased array
transmitting antenna radiates microwave beam to electric
car’s rectenna. Phase locked loop (PLL) heterodyne system
is needed to generate the microwave beam in the process
[4]. Some of the examples of Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 8/2013/0030)
which are based on the phased array antennas are described
below:
1) Phased & Amplitude Controlled Magnetron (PACM):
The phase, frequency & amplitude of microwave power can
be controlled with the help of PACM. As shown in the fig 2.
We can see that the PACM has a feedback to magnetic field
of the PCM.
Fig. 2: Block Diagram of PACM
It can control the amplitude of microwave of PACM from
300W to 500W.
2) Phase Controlled Magnetron (PCM):
In PCM we can find that there is over 10% loss of
microwave [7]. As we can see in the fig 3, PCM is having a
circulator for injection locking.
Fig. 3: Block diagram of Phase Controlled Magnetron
We can control the phase of magnetron by PLL anode-
current feedback. The microwave beam emitted by horn
antenna (28×38cm) and its gain is 16.8dBi. PCM output
power is 300W with 1W input only at 2.45 GHz.
III. ANTENNA OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Rectifying antenna is being used in the electric vehicle.
Rectenna is defined as rectifying antenna. A basic rectenna
consists of an antenna, a dipole rectifier and a DC bypass
filter. The rectennas with integrated circular sector antennas
can eliminate the need of low pass filter (LPF) placed
between the antenna and the diode as well as produce higher
output with maximum efficiency [5]. The DC power is
calculated from the microwave power.
Fig. 4: power management circuit of rectenna in electric
vehicle.
P = ∫ ∫ ( ) ( )
(3.1)
P dc = P (fi, t) ( ( ) ) (3.2)
IV. RECTENNA CELL
Rectenna of the electric vehicle is capable of producing high
conversion efficiencies around 90%. As it is having low
atmospheric loss, cheap components availability.
Fig. 5: Micro-Strip Antenna used for Harmonic Rejection
The conversion efficiency is high of the CP rectenna [4].
This is given by transmission power, gain of rectenna, gain
of transmitting power, output voltage, and gain of rectenna.
( )
( )
(3.3)
V. ENERGY STORAGE
A major impetus to the development of EVs is caused by the
growth of the environmental problems such as global
warming, pollution. Li-ion batteries are the most common
and trustable power source for electric vehicle.
Advanced Flywheel Technology is the way of
storing the energy. The flywheel is the system component
responsible for the storing kinetic energy. Here in the table

(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 8/2013/0030)
we are representing the characteristic of some composite
materials for ultrahigh speed flywheel.
Materials
Tensile
strength
s(MPa)
Specific
Energy
( )
Ratio
( )
E-glass 1379 1900 202
Graphite
epoxy
1586 1500 294
S-glass 2069 1900 303
Kevlar
epoxy
1930 1400 383
Table. 1: Comparison of different Materials
VI. CONCLUSION
In our model we have elaborated microwave conversion to
DC power by several methods and analyzed an efficient
energy storage system in the electric vehicle system. We
used the Li-ion batteries for better storing capacity and used
rectenna cell for the process so that it should be cost
effective and more efficient.
Of course, additional feature could be
required in order to the power gain of the optimized antenna
over the longer distance. This also makes them sufficient in
EVs recharging system.
REFERENCES
[1] Boyune Song, Jaegue Shin, Sanghoon Chung,
Seugyong Shin , Seokhwan Lee, Yangsu Kim , Guho
Jung and Seongjeub Jeon “ Design of a Pick-up with
Compensation Winding for On-line Electric
Vehicle(OLEV)” , IEEE@2013
[2] Shixing Yu, Long Li ,”Experimental Study of Effects of
Coaxial Cables in Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power
Transfer System” @Senior member , IEEE, 2013
[3] Mark Shwartz “Wireless Power could Revolutionize
Highway Transportation”, Standford researchers’ say,
2012
[4] Grigory Kazakevich, Gene Flanagan, “A High Power
650MHz CWMagnetron Transmitter for Intensity
Frontier Superconducting Accelerators”, Proceedings of
IPAC2012, New Orleans, Luisiana, USA, WEPPC060,
ISBN 978-3-95450-115-1.
[5] N. C. Karmakar, “Development of rectenna for
microwave power reception”, (9th Australian
Symposium on Antenna, Sydney, Australia, 16-17
February 2005)
[6] Takehiro Imura, Toshiyuki Uchida, Yoichi Hori,
“Flexibility of Contactless Power Transfer using
Magnetic Resonance to Air Gap Misalignment for EV”,
EVS24 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicle Symposium, World Electric Vehicle
Journal , Vol.3- ISSN 2032-6653-@2009 AVERE
[7] Handbook on Satellite Communication,
edition 3, International Telecommunication Union
Publication, January 1995, pp. 553-556.

Vehicles Charged Via Wireless Technology (Microwave Energy)

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