Implicit Meaning and Steps in a translation Project
- 1. CHAPTER 4 Kinds of Meaning
- 2. People usually think of meaning as something that a word or sentence refers to: Ex: Apple- refers to the fruit produced by a certain tree. This kind of meaning is called Referential Meaning because the word refers to a certain thing, event, attribution, or relation which a person can perceive or imagine. Referential meaning is what the communication is about. I is the information content.
- 3. Organizational Meaning- is signaled by deictics, repetition, groupings, and by many other features in the grammatical structure of a text. Ex. Mary peeled an apple and Mary ate an apple. - Mary and apple are both referred to twice referential meaning. Situational Meaning- It may indicate whether the situation is formal or informal. Ex. A friend who refers to him as John as he greets him in the morning may later in the day call him Professor Smith when introducing him at a university seminar. Different lexical forms will be chosen to indicate Situational Meaning.
- 4. IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT INFORMATION Implicit- information is part of the meaning which is to be communicated by the translation, because it is part of the meaning intended to be understood by the original writer. Explicit- information which is overtly stated by lexical items and grammatical forms. It is a part of the surface structure form. All languages have grammatical forms which are obligatory, but languages differ in what is obligatory. Ex: In English it is obligatory to make explicit whether a noun is singular or plural.
- 5. In many languages, leaving some information implicit is one feature used to signal Organizational meaning. In the Hebrew, the description of creation in Genesis uses the explicit, name of God thirty-two times in this rather short text because god is the agent of the many actions described.
- 6. CHAPTER 5 Steps in a Translation Project The purpose of the first section of this book has been to give an overview of the main aspects of translation. We have dealt with what translation is, the kinds of translation, and some of the aspects of the relationship between grammar and semantics which affect the translation process.
- 7. Establishing the project The text refers to the source language document which is to be translated. The desirability of translating a particular text must be determined. Texts are chosen to be translated for various reasons. The target refers to the audience. For whom is the translation being prepared. The form of the translation will be affected by questions of dialect, educational level, age level, bilingualism, and people’s attitudes towards their languages.
- 8. Team- refers to the people who will be involved in the project. The team may consist of co- translators where one is a specialist in the source language and the other a specialist in the receptor language, translator with capability to handle both source language and receptor language matters and an advisor or consultant, a committee working together with specific responsibilities delegated to each one. Tools- refers to the written source of materials will be used by the translators as helps. These include in addition, to the document to be translated , any dictionaries, lexicons, grammars, cultural descriptions, etc.
- 9. Exegesis is used to refer to the process of discovering the meaning of the source language text which is to be translated. Includes the preparation and analysis which must be done before anything at all can be written I the receptor language. The goal of exegesis is to determine the meaning which is to be communicated in the receptor language text. Transfer and Initial Draft After a careful analysis of the source language text, as indicated above the translator begins drafting piece by piece, section by section. The translator is transferring from the source language into receptor language.
- 10. Evaluation the purpose of evaluation is threefold accuracy, clearness, and naturalness. Evaluation should be mother-tongue speakers of the receptor language. The translator will want to have receptor language speakers read the text and then tell back what the text communicated to them. Revised Draft the translator has checked may have suggested many rewordings, may have expressed mis- understanding etc. If any key words are changed, the text will need to be checked carefullyfor consistency I the change made.
- 11. Consultation the translator(s) will expect that the consultant is interested in three matters: 1. accuracy of content 2. naturalness of style 3. effect on the receptor language audience. It is important that translators check their materials with a trained consultant after completing a section or two of a long document. Final Draft translator incorporates into the translated text the suggestions made by the consultant, checks them again with mother-tongue speakers to be sure they are warranted, and makes any other minor changes which have come to his attention.
- 12. Thank You!!!!