Translating_and_Interpreting..pdf or ppt
- 1. S U H R I A POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM OF UM PAREPARE
- 2. TRANSLATION 1.Definitions in some kinds of Paradigm 2.Procedure of Translation 3.Method of Translation 4.Problem in Translation 5.Categories of Translation
- 3. Translation is the process of Language transformation To Source language (SL) into Target Language (TL)
- 4. According to Newmark: Newmark makes two greatest contributions to translation studies. The first one is his defining and illustrating of semantic translation and communicative translation. According to him, the semantic translation is inclined to the source language emphasis and mainly confined to expressive texts, whereas communicative translation is inclined to the target language emphasis and mainly confined to informative or vocative texts. And we should not divide the two, but see them as a whole. The second one is his understanding of translation.
- 5. According to Bassnett: In Bassnett’s opinion, translation is not only a kind of pure lingual activity but also a kind of communication intra-culture and inter- culture. In other words, translation is not a mere linguistic transfer but a cross-cultural activity. She proposes that the cultural aspects should be taken into consideration for the study of translation, especially for the equivalence of source text and target text
- 6. According to Edwin Gentzler: Based on the recent studies in the Americas, especially multiculturalism in the United States, feminism and theater in Canada, Cannibalism in Brazil, the fictional turn in Latin America and border writing in the Caribbean, Gentzler comes to the conclusion: translation is not a marginal activity in the America but one of the central activities there which plays great roles in forming a nation’s identity. He suggests including social and psychological aspects to broaden the definition of translation
- 7. The Translating Procedures, as depicted by Nida(1964) as follow: Procedure of Translation II. Organizational procedures : (1)Constant reevaluation of the attempt made; (2) contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and (3) checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions (pp. 246-47). I. Technical procedures: (1)Analysis of the source and target languages; (2) A through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it; (3) Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations. (pp. 241- 45)
- 8. According to Newmark (1988): The difference between translation methods and translation procedures that translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81).
- 9. 1. Word for word Translation METHOD of Translation Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
- 10. 2. Literal Translation METHOD of Translation Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
- 11. 3. Faithful Translation METHOD of Translation Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
- 12. 4. Semantic Translation METHOD of Translation Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
- 13. 5. Adaption Translation METHOD of Translation Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
- 14. 6. Free Translation METHOD of Translation Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
- 15. 7. Idiomatic Translation METHOD of Translation Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
- 16. 8. Communicative Translation METHOD of Translation Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
- 17. Full vs Partial Translatation METHOD of Translation This distinction relates to the extent, in a syntagmatic sense, of source language text which is submitted to the translation process. By text we tilean any stretch of language, spoken or written, which is under discussion. According to the circumstances a text may thus be a whole library of books, a single volume, a chapter, a paragraph, a sentence, a cause.... Etc. It may also be a fragment not coextensive with any formal literary or linguistic unit
- 18. Full vs Partial Translation METHOD of Translation In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the translation process; that is, every part of the source language text is replaced by target language text material In a partial translation, some part or parts of the source language text are left untranslated; they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the target language text.
- 19. Total vs Restricted Translation METHOD of Translation By total translation we mean what is most usually meant by translation. That is, translation in which all levels of the source language text are replaced by target language material. Strictly speaking, total translation is a misleading term, since, though total replacement is involved it is not replacement by equivalents at all levels. By restricted translation Catford means: replacement of source language text material by equivalent target language textual material, at only one level, that is translation performed only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
- 20. 1. Perfect Translation Translation of all purely informative statement such as are encountered by the traveler or are used by the advertiser comes under this category. The perfection of the translation is a result of the nature of the original message which is direct, unemotional and is made in plain words to which no intense associations are attached
- 21. 2. Adequate Translation Adequate translation is which is so satisfactorily in practice that a grumble at words and phrases here and there may be dismissed as a quibble. All translations made for the general reader who may use them without giving a thought to the fact that what he is reading was not originally written in his own language. fall into this category. Both in the original and in the translation the matter is more important than the manner, In most instances of this kind the readers may know little or nothing of the language of the original. This includes the translation of literature made by scholars for serious students and for all earnest readers who seek something more than mere entertainment.
- 22. 3. Composite Translation It includes the translation of prose into prose, of poetry into prose, and of poetry into poetry. ie., all translations of literature come under this. The translator neglecting the commercial value of the translation, spends a very long time on his work. A great quantity of translation is made, printed and published for the only reason that the translator has enjoyed the reading of some passage or poem, has felt the urge to try to render or express it in another language he knew. He just wishes to share his pleasure with others
- 23. 4. Scientific and Technical Translation Scientific and technical translation: Here the first importance is to the matter. The manner is of no significance whatever. This type of translation is made solely for the intrinsic importance of the original work.
- 24. Because literature consists of conventional symbols, there exists in literature the problem of translation which does not exist in the other arts . When one seeks to make a work of literature available to a wider audience than that composed of only the native speakers of the language in which the work was written, the process of translation must be restored to and in the process a great deal of the work's original character is lost.
- 25. 1. Types of Interpreting 2. Basic Skills in Interpreting 3. Code of Ethics in Interpreting 4. Strategies & Testing in Interpreting 5. Quality in Interpreting Criteria & Tools
- 26. Interpreting is the facilitation of spoken or signed language communication between users of different languages. The formal ISO (International Standards Organization) definition for interpreting is as follows: “Rendering a spoken or signed message into another spoken or signed language, preserving the register and meaning of the source language content.” (Note: This definition is derived from ISO, 2014, p. 1.) Source: https://www.gala-global.org/what-interpreting
- 27. Types of Interpreting (Source: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/interpreting/types-of-interpreting) 1. Simultaneous Interpreting 2. Consecutive Interpreting 3. Whisper Interpreting 4. Scheduled Telephone Interpreting
- 28. At a simultaneous interpreting event, the interpreter has to listen to what is being said and translate this into the target language at the same time. When interpreting simultaneously, the interpreter wears headphones and is located in a booth. He or she talks into a microphone that is connected to the headphones of the target language speakers. As there is no time to overthink translations, simultaneous interpreters must make decisions on the spot. (Source: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/interpreting/types-of-interpreting)
- 29. In contrast to simultaneous interpreting, consecutive interpreting does not occur at the same time the source language speaker is talking. It is only when the speaker pauses (usually every 1-5 minutes) that the interpreter repeats what is being said in the target language. One of the most important skills a consecutive interpreter must possess is the ability to take notes. As it is virtually impossible to memorize multiple minutes of speech, note-taking is essential to convey the correct message. (Source: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/interpreting/types-of-interpreting)
- 30. Whisper interpreting can be compared to simultaneous interpreting, with the only difference that with this type of interpreting, the interpreter is not in a booth wearing headphones, but is sitting next to the person or persons that they interpret for. While the source language speaker is talking, they quietly talk into the target speaker’s ear. (Source: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/interpreting/types-of-interpreting)
- 31. This type of interpreting can be both consecutive and simultaneous. One aspect is fixed, however; the interpreter is not physically present in the room, but translates via telephone. (Source: https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/blog/interpreting/types-of-interpreting)
- 32. Basic Skills in Interpreting 1.Listening Skill 2.Decoding Skill 3.Recording Skill 4.Re-expression Skill (Source: Jing Ma, p.1233 - Journal of Language Teaching and Research)
- 33. Anticipation Improve Psychological Preparation Use Redundancy in Listening Training Use the Expert or Booth Mate’s help Consult Document during Interpreting (Source: Jing Ma, p.1233 - Journal of Language Teaching and Research)
- 34. Cultivate Familiarity with English Pronunciation & Dialects Master a well-knit Vocabulary System Smooth shift of sentence structures between SL & TL Form logical analysis Gradual accumulation of Extra-linguistic/Encyclopedic Knowledge (Source: Jing Ma, p.1234 - Journal of Language Teaching and Research)
- 35. Visualizing memorization Outlining memorization Reasoning memorization Chunking (Source: Jing Ma, p.1236 - Journal of Language Teaching and Research)
- 36. Timely Adjustment Adding Information Reconstructing the segmental information in context Reformulation Paraphrasing & Explaining Reproducing the sound heard by the SL speech (Source: Jing Ma, p.1237 - Journal of Language Teaching and Research)
- 37. Code Ethics in Interpreting 1. Accuracy and Fidelity 2. Confidentially 3. Impartially 4. Respect for Persons 5. Maintaining Role Boundaries 6. Accountability 7. Professionalism 8. Continued Competence (Source: The article of Multilingual Community Interpreter Services )
- 38. Strategies and Tactics in Interpreting 1.Knowledge Based Strategies 2.Language-based Strategies 3.Meaning-based Strategies 4.Delivery-based strategies (Source: Li, Xiandong .2015. Putting Interpreting strategies in their place)
- 39. Strategies and Tactics in Interpreting (Source: Li, Xiandong .2015. Putting Interpreting strategies in their place)
- 40. Criteria for Interpreter (Source: https://unitedlanguagegroup.com/blog/5-qualities-every-interpreter-should-have/ ) 1.Amazing Language Skills 2.Specialty Knowledge 3.Accreditation 4.Soft skill 5.Cultural Competence