Impressionism. Revision
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The document discusses the origins and history of Impressionism. It emerged in response to industrialization and new photography techniques. Artists gathered around Manet and exhibited works with loose brushstrokes and bright colors mixed on the canvas. Influences included the Barbizon school, Spanish art, and Japanese prints. Techniques included painting en plein air to capture light and color, using short brushstrokes and leaving the mixing of colors to the eye. Key artists included Manet, Monet, Renoir, Degas, Seurat, and others who painted landscapes, scenes of modern life, and effects of light.
Impressionism. Revision
- 2. Origins Capitalist growth and industrialisation provoked an unprecedented change that affected Europe radically. The continuous changes affected Art : communications are faster, photography makes possible to see things that the human eye could not appreciate. During the 19th century artists were known in the Salons or Exhibitions In 1863 the Refuses´ Salon was organised .
- 3. Inspiration sources It is an evolution of the French landscape school of the late 19th century. A nswer to the new society and philosophy. Bourgeoisie has its own traditions and its way of entertaining and this is going to be one of the subjects of the Impressionism. Cities are the place where lazy pedestrians walk around, even during the night, with its traditional population such as cabaret singers, dancers, cafes.
- 4. History They gathered together around the figure of Manet, refused in the official salons. In front of the new language they defended the free brushstroke, separated into primary colours that must be mix in the eye. People reacted against this art T hey counted with the backing of : art critics marchands.
- 5. Influences The style has a precedent in the landscapes of the Barbizon School and the last French realism of Corot and Millet. Other influences colour and composition of the Spanish Golden Century. Japanese stamps in fashion at the time, added a new vision of the space and the use of flat colours photography was also influential.
- 6. Technique They use oil on canvas, even when sometimes they can use pastel on paper. N ew subjects: they recover non important subjects, with an especial interest in landscape, both rural and urban; they want to capsize the fugacity. There are real landscapes, independently attractive or ugly.
- 7. Technique There are also non important things, as free time, dances, and pubs. They renounce to important subject, with message. New valuation of colour. The only real thing for the impressionist artist is the relation air-light. In this way the light is the real subject of the painting and this is why they repeat it during different hours or seasons.
- 8. Technique The quality and amount of light is what offers one or another configuration of the object. T hey painted at open air and they used a fast way of painting to catch the changing effects. Paintings are luminous and light.
- 9. Technique Colour is directly related to light. They use light colours, lively and pure that they apply directly on the canvas, one on the other, so the mix is made in the spectator’s eye. With this resource they gain in chromatic vivacity. Shades are not dark any longer and are reduced to spaces coloured with complementary colours, because in this way the main colour is intensified.
- 10. Technique Free, short and fast brushstroke. It is a need for catching better the atmospheric effects. They do not like to modify the things and they prefer to use big and matter-abundant stains. Line disappears and the brushstrokes and colour are the dominant values. -The traditional model with graduating colours and light does not exist. As the time goes on the shapes will be dissolved into luminous and chromatic impacts.
- 11. Technique Open air painting. New valuation of the illusionist space. They are not interested on deepness and the traditional conception of the painting as a window disappears. They want it to be alive, a piece of nature, so they escape from perspective and traditional composition. L ocation of the elements, cutting characters and objects, is a photographic effect .
- 12. Artists Manet He renounced to the academic tradition. He presented in the Refuges Salon Dejeneur sur l´herbre , offering a vision of the light and composition his contemporaries were not prepared to see. The sensation of volume is not given with the chiaroscuro and the images are not located in a certain atmosphere but mixed with it. Other works are Olimpia and The Bar of the Folies Bergere.
- 13. Artists Monet He is the most poetic of the impressionist, with a fluid conception of nature. One of his first objectives is the immediate visual sensation. H e chose aquatic elements, underlining the effects of light on the water. He was worried about light variations depending on the time, what led him to paint the same image at different hours: Rouen Cathedral .
- 14. Artists Renoir He was a revolutionary and an artist of strong tradition. He used strong tonalities, red, and yellow and capsized the wavy movement of light on leaves and water. He preferred human motives, mainly women, to express beauty. Work: The Moulin de la Galette .
- 15. Artists Degas He wa s more an impressionist of the form than of the colour. In many of his paintings the light is substituted but that of candles. The tender clothes of the dances capsized the fugacity of the light. He considered that form has a value in itself and keeps its volume. He represented human images, mainly Dancers .
- 16. Artists Seurat He tried to represent reality with a rigorous and scientific technique. He began the divisionism or pointillism. He represented the luminous vibration with the application of small dots that compose the unity of the image once perceived by the eye. This is the procedure use d in his Dimanche Afternoon a la Grande Jatte .
- 17. Artists Signac He was influenced by the divisionism He studied carefully the effects of light achieving a great colour. He painted mainly landscapes. Other artists: Pissarro: He painted landscapes or urban views Sisley: He painted landscapes, specially those with effects of water such as floods