Improved Phosphorus Recycling: Navigating between Constraints - Kurt Möller - Universität Hohenheim
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The document presents a comprehensive analysis of improved phosphorus recycling in organic agriculture, emphasizing potential environmental impacts, agronomic value, and risk assessments. It highlights the effectiveness of recycled phosphorus fertilizers compared to traditional sources and discusses challenges regarding soil health and pollution risks. Conclusions indicate that while recycled fertilizers can enhance phosphorus availability, their broader environmental impacts and the necessity for regulatory adjustments are critical for sustainable use.
![Composition of recycled P fertilizers [% DM]
(Möller et al. 2018)
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80
90
OM N P K](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-8-320.jpg)
![-25
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Relative fertilizer P effectiveness [% TSP] of some
major P sources (adapted from Möller et al. 2018)
RelativePeffectiveness[%ofTSP]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-9-320.jpg)
![-25
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225
RelativePeffectiveness[%ofTSP]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-10-320.jpg)
![Soil pH and relative P efficiency of PR
(Möller et al. 2018)
y = 6.46x2 - 95.2x + 355
R² = 0.33
-100
-50
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50
100
150
200
250
4.0 4.5 5.0 5,5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
Soil pH
RelativePeffectiveness[%]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-11-320.jpg)
![Influence of the soil pH on the relative P fertilizer
effectiveness of struvite [% of water soluble P fertilizer]
(Möller et al. 2018)
RelativePeffectiveness[%]
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
4 5 6 7 8 9
y = 85.7e0.0169x
R² = 0.00
Soil pH](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-12-320.jpg)
![Net LCA results per kg P for urban organic household
wastes (UOW), composted or digested (Hörtenhuber
et al. 2018)
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
UOW Compost
UOW-Compost
Low emissions
UOW-Digestate
ADP
[10-8 kg Sb-eq
kg-1 P]
FED
[101 MJ
kg-1 P]
GWP
[kg CO2-eq
kg-1 P]
AP
[10-2 kg SO2-
eq kg-1 P]
EP
[10-2 kg PO4-
eq kg-1 P]
-102-112-136](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-13-320.jpg)
![Net LCA results per kg P for sewage sludge (SS)-based recycled
P-fertilizers compared to PR and TSP (Hörtenhuber et al. 2018)
-50
-25
0
25
50
600
PR TSP SS SSA SSA-Ashdec SSA-Leachphos SS-Mephrec SS-Airprex SS-SSL
≈≈ 54.6
596 607
ADP
[10-8 kg Sb-eq
kg-1 P]
FED
[101 MJ
kg-1 P]
GWP
[kg CO2-eq
kg-1 P]
AP
[10-2 kg SO2-
eq kg-1 P]
EP
[10-2 kg PO4-
eq kg-1 P]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-14-320.jpg)
![Concentration of PTEs [mg kg-1 DM] (Möller et al. 2018)
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Cd Pb Cr Ni Hg Cu Zn](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-15-320.jpg)
![Risk Assessment: soil Cd-accumulation [mg kg-1 soil] with yearly
application of recycled P fertilizers (equiv. 11 kg P/ha*a; soil pH: 7; water
balance: 100 mm m-2) (based on Weissengruber et al. (submitted))
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
Compost green waste OF
Compost biowaste OF
Composte catering waste
Cattle solid manure
Digestate OF
Digestate catering waste
Sewage sludge liquid
Sewage sludge solid
Meat and bone meal
Struvite Stuttgart
Struvite Airprex
SSAsh untreated
SSAsh Leachphos
Na-SSAsh Ashtec
SSAsh Mephrec
Phosphate rock
Triplesuperphosphate
no fertilizer
years
TSP
Composts, PR,
Soil base value
Soil threshold value](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-16-320.jpg)
![Risk Assessment: soil Zn-accumulation [mg kg-1 soil] with yearly application of
recycled P fertilizers (equiv. 11 kg P/ha*a; soil pH: 7; water balance: 100 mm m-
2) (based on Weissengruber et al. (submitted))
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1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176 201
Compost green waste OF
Compost biowaste OF
Composte catering waste
Cattle solid manure
Digestate OF
Digestate catering waste
Sewage sludge liquid
Sewage sludge solid
Meat and bone meal
Struvite Stuttgart
Struvite Airprex
SSAsh untreated
SSAsh Leachphos
Na-SSAsh Ashtec
SSAsh Mephrec
Phosphate rock
Triplesuperphosphate
years
Biosolids,
digestates
Composts
Soil base value
Soil threshold value
Struvite, MBM,
TSP, PR](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-17-320.jpg)
![Correlation between the HMP-index and the mean
relative increase of soil PTE concentration (Möller et
al. 2018)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MeanrelativeincreasePTEconc.[%]
Heavy Metal-Phosphorus-index
Composts
Biosolids, UOW
digestates, SS-Ashes,
Rhenania Ash Dec, TSP
converter slags,
LeachPhos, Struvite,
meat and bone
meal, catering waste
digestates
Risk assessment indicate no soil accumulation risk for the organic
pollutants PCB, PAH and PCDD/F](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-moeller-improve-p-121217-180716123119/85/Improved-Phosphorus-Recycling-Navigating-between-Constraints-Kurt-Moller-Universitat-Hohenheim-20-320.jpg)
Improved Phosphorus Recycling: Navigating between Constraints - Kurt Möller - Universität Hohenheim
- 1. Improved Phosphorus Recycling: Navigating between Constraints PD Dr. Kurt Möller Universität Hohenheim
- 2. Outline • Introduction • Composition and assessment of the agronomical value • Environmental impact by LCA study • Risk assessment (potentially toxic elements) • Evaluation of the PTE loads • Conclusions
- 3. Overview IMPROVE-P Work packages: - Compilation of existing knowledge and synthesis on P status of organic farms - Evaluation of efficacy and potential environmental impacts of recycled P fertilizers - Improved P mobilization by adapted agronomic strategies and addition of P mobilizing Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria - Discussions with stakeholders about applicability of recycled P fertilizers 3 IMproved Phosphorus Resource efficiency in Organic agriculture Via recycling and Enhanced biological mobilization
- 4. Distribution of farm scale soil extractable P values among P classes ranging from very low (P Class 1) to very high (P Class 5) (n = 15,506) (Cooper et al. 2018) 10 % 28 % 38 % 18 % 6 % 1 2 3 4 5 2000 P class 1000 3000 4000 5000 6000 no.ofobservations
- 5. Distribution of field scale soil extractable P values among P classes ranging from very low (P Class 1) to very high (P Class 5), disaggregated by farm type. (n = 15,506) (Cooper et al. 2018) 2000 1000 3000 4000 no.ofobservations
- 6. Phosphorus potentials of recycled P sources in Germany (based on data of Fricke & Bidlingmaier 2003) Mg P a-1 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 other paper industry Green wastes and household bio-wastes slaughter wastes Biosolids
- 7. Materials and Methods • Pot and field experiments to assess the P fertilizer value • Compilation of the literature findings about the relative P fertilizer effectiveness of recycled P fertilizers • LCA study (functional unit: 1 kg P) • Risk assessment (accumulation risk for PTEs and POPs) • SWOT analysis
- 8. Composition of recycled P fertilizers [% DM] (Möller et al. 2018) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 OM N P K
- 9. -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 Relative fertilizer P effectiveness [% TSP] of some major P sources (adapted from Möller et al. 2018) RelativePeffectiveness[%ofTSP]
- 11. Soil pH and relative P efficiency of PR (Möller et al. 2018) y = 6.46x2 - 95.2x + 355 R² = 0.33 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 4.0 4.5 5.0 5,5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 Soil pH RelativePeffectiveness[%]
- 12. Influence of the soil pH on the relative P fertilizer effectiveness of struvite [% of water soluble P fertilizer] (Möller et al. 2018) RelativePeffectiveness[%] 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 4 5 6 7 8 9 y = 85.7e0.0169x R² = 0.00 Soil pH
- 13. Net LCA results per kg P for urban organic household wastes (UOW), composted or digested (Hörtenhuber et al. 2018) -50 -25 0 25 50 75 UOW Compost UOW-Compost Low emissions UOW-Digestate ADP [10-8 kg Sb-eq kg-1 P] FED [101 MJ kg-1 P] GWP [kg CO2-eq kg-1 P] AP [10-2 kg SO2- eq kg-1 P] EP [10-2 kg PO4- eq kg-1 P] -102-112-136
- 14. Net LCA results per kg P for sewage sludge (SS)-based recycled P-fertilizers compared to PR and TSP (Hörtenhuber et al. 2018) -50 -25 0 25 50 600 PR TSP SS SSA SSA-Ashdec SSA-Leachphos SS-Mephrec SS-Airprex SS-SSL ≈≈ 54.6 596 607 ADP [10-8 kg Sb-eq kg-1 P] FED [101 MJ kg-1 P] GWP [kg CO2-eq kg-1 P] AP [10-2 kg SO2- eq kg-1 P] EP [10-2 kg PO4- eq kg-1 P]
- 15. Concentration of PTEs [mg kg-1 DM] (Möller et al. 2018) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Cd Pb Cr Ni Hg Cu Zn
- 16. Risk Assessment: soil Cd-accumulation [mg kg-1 soil] with yearly application of recycled P fertilizers (equiv. 11 kg P/ha*a; soil pH: 7; water balance: 100 mm m-2) (based on Weissengruber et al. (submitted)) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 Compost green waste OF Compost biowaste OF Composte catering waste Cattle solid manure Digestate OF Digestate catering waste Sewage sludge liquid Sewage sludge solid Meat and bone meal Struvite Stuttgart Struvite Airprex SSAsh untreated SSAsh Leachphos Na-SSAsh Ashtec SSAsh Mephrec Phosphate rock Triplesuperphosphate no fertilizer years TSP Composts, PR, Soil base value Soil threshold value
- 17. Risk Assessment: soil Zn-accumulation [mg kg-1 soil] with yearly application of recycled P fertilizers (equiv. 11 kg P/ha*a; soil pH: 7; water balance: 100 mm m- 2) (based on Weissengruber et al. (submitted)) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176 201 Compost green waste OF Compost biowaste OF Composte catering waste Cattle solid manure Digestate OF Digestate catering waste Sewage sludge liquid Sewage sludge solid Meat and bone meal Struvite Stuttgart Struvite Airprex SSAsh untreated SSAsh Leachphos Na-SSAsh Ashtec SSAsh Mephrec Phosphate rock Triplesuperphosphate years Biosolids, digestates Composts Soil base value Soil threshold value Struvite, MBM, TSP, PR
- 18. Average relative increase of the soil PTE concentration (% between base and threshold values) by continuous application of recycled P fertilizers (based on Weissengruber et al. (submitted)) -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
- 19. Heavy metal-nutrient index and Heavy metal- P index of different recycling fertilizers (Möller et al. 2018) 0 2.5 5 7.5 HMN HMP
- 20. Correlation between the HMP-index and the mean relative increase of soil PTE concentration (Möller et al. 2018) -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MeanrelativeincreasePTEconc.[%] Heavy Metal-Phosphorus-index Composts Biosolids, UOW digestates, SS-Ashes, Rhenania Ash Dec, TSP converter slags, LeachPhos, Struvite, meat and bone meal, catering waste digestates Risk assessment indicate no soil accumulation risk for the organic pollutants PCB, PAH and PCDD/F
- 21. SWOT-Analysis P recovery P fertilizer value Organic matter PTEs Organic Pollutants Env. impact Overall Score Bio-waste compost Bio-waste digestates Meat and bone meal - ashes Sewage sludge - Struvite (AirPrex) - Struvite (Stuttgart) - AshDec Rhenanite 4 3 2 1 ? ?
- 22. Conclusions • Plant P availability of many recycled P fertilizers is higher than phosphate rock • Main challenge are neutral soils: • untreated ashes, PR and MBM are not recommended, • composts, digestates, Na-Ash and struvite are more suitable. • Many currently not permitted recycled P fertilizers have lower potential harmful effects and environmental impacts than permitted inputs • PTEs are not the main constraint limiting recycling of most RPFs • PTE flows are mainly driven by the RPF nutrient concentration we do need a nutrient concentration related definition of threshold values
- 23. Conclusions • For organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals etc. in RPFs and (conventional) manures uncertainties remain about risks to human health and the environment • Approaches to reduce the risks from organic pollutants in RPFs are accompanied by several shortcomings: • Reduced P recovery rates • Increased abiotic resource depletion potential • Increased GHG, energy inputs, etc. • Lower P fertilizer value, loss of OM, N, S, etc. • the current regulatory balance between the principle of care and the principle of ecology favors our generation at the expense of future generations. • Presumably this balance is a result of considerations of risk mainly to our generation.
- 24. Thank you very much! https://improve-p.uni- hohenheim.de Financial support for this project is provided by funding bodies within the FP7 ERA-Net CORE Organic II