![MODE OF ACTION
• the high charge density of the polymer
(approximately 1800 milliequivalents
[meq]/100 grams of polymer) results in
sequestration of polyvalent metal cations in
soil solution, disrupting and delaying normal P
fixation reactions resulting in extended
availability of highly water soluble ammonium
and calcium phosphates.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/recentadvancesinimprovingpuseefficiency-190705020622/85/Recent-advances-in-improving-p-use-efficiency-20-320.jpg)
Recent advances in improving p use efficiency
- 2. Name of the student : Mr. MARUTHI N.G Registration No. : 017/097 Degree : M.Sc. (Agri.) Year of admission : 2017- 2018 Centre of PG education : Post Graduate Institute, MPKV Rahuri Department & Discipline : Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry
- 4. • Phosphorus is an essential, irreplaceable part (element) of every living cell, both plant and animal. Plants take up large amounts of P from the soil solution as phosphate ions, principally, H2PO4 -, but the concentration in the soil solution is very small, typically 10-5 M, so there must be a supply of readily-available P in the soil to maintain this concentration as P is taken up by the roots. Much of the P in the crop is removed in the harvested produce and phosphate fertilizers must replace that P.
- 5. • Phosphate rock (PR), the ore from which P fertilizers are made is a limited, non-renewable resource. About 80% of the PR ore mined annually is used to make P fertilizer. Its long- term supply is crucial to world food production.
- 7. Nutrient Efficiency (%) Cause of low efficiency Nitrogen 30-50 Immobiloization, volatilization, denitrification, leaching phosphorous 15-20 Fixation in soil Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P sulphur 8-10 Immobilization, leaching with water Micronutrient (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B) 1-2 Fixation in soil
- 8. Reasons for low P use efficiency • Fixation • Imbalance in nutrition • Soil chemistry: pH
- 9. Improving fertilizer P efficiency • When fertilizer P is applied to the soil it is incorporated into, and moves within, the four pools described in Figure. Less than 25% of the freshly applied fertilizer becomes plant available (i.e. part of Pools 1 and 2) with the balance becoming part of Pools 3 and 4. The distribution of the freshly applied P between the pools and how readily it becomes available to the growing crop is influenced by how the fertilizer is managed.
- 10. • Improvement of fertilizer P use efficiency and effectiveness is best achieved through the implementation of best management practices (BMPs) within the context of 4R Nutrient Steward-ship (IFA, 2009)
- 11. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates, compositionally similar to clay minerals, but differing in their well defined three-dimensional, nano and micro porous structure. Zeolites have a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety of cations, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ Mg2+ and others. INTRODUCTION Definition A zeolite mineral is a crystalline substance with a structure characterized by a framework of linked tetrahedra, each consisting of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a cation. This framework consists of open cavities in the form of channels and cages. These are usually occupied by H2O molecules and extra frame work cations that are commonly exchangeable. ZEOLITE
- 12. Alex Fredrik Cronstedt He called those materials zeolite from the greek word meaning boiling stones due to its ability to froth when heated to above 2000c. Identification of zeolite as a mineral goes back in 1756 Collected crystal from the Cu mine in Sweden Upon Rapidly heating produces large amount of steam from water which is absorbed by the material Origin of Zeolite
- 13. • Found in volcanic rocks for a period of 200 years. • Natural zeolites form when volcanic rocks and ash layers reacts with alkaline ground water. • Found as secondary minerals in the Deccan basalt of the western Ghats in Maharashtra. • Vertisols contain lot of Zeolites 77.2–81.0 mg per kg (Pal, 2003) • Japanese farmers have used zeolite rock for years to control the moisture content and offensive odour of animal wastes and to increase the pH of acidic volcanic soils (Bernardi et al., 2014.) History and Occurrence of Zeolites
- 14. Effect of Zeolites on Soil Quality, Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake Efficiency in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Ramesh et al., (2015) Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala, India
- 15. Initial characteristics of soil, fly ash zeolite and commercial zeolite used in the study Parameter Soil FAZ CZ Texture Sandy loam - - pH 5.15 6.68 7.96 CEC (cmol kg-1) 11.9 254.1 408.5 Na (g kg-1) - 27.2 98.6 Bulk density (Mg m-3) 1.67 1.01 nd WHC (%) 37.1 48.7 nd
- 16. Materials and Methods It is a Pot culture experiment • T1 - Control • T2 - fly ash zeolites (1%, F1) • T3 - fly ash zeolites (2%, F2), • T4 - commercial zeolite 1% (CZ) • T5 - potassium impregnated in 1% commercial zeolite 4A (KCZ) • T6 - zinc impregnated in 1% commercial zeolite (ZnCZ). with 3 replications
- 17. Table -1 Effect of zeolites on tuber yield and total biomass Treatments Tuber yield (g/plant) Total plant biomass (g/plant) C 113.3 147.3 F1 177.1 221.5 F2 167.7 211.7 CZ 37.7 79.7 KCZ 124.0 167.3 ZnCZ 62.7 96.3
- 18. Table -2 Effect of zeolites on nutrient uptake efficiency Treatments Nutrient Uptake Efficiency ( NUE % ) N P K C 85.8 49.8 122.7 F1 214.1 337.5 127.2 F2 148.0 142.2 171.0 CZ 72.9 44.0 65.1 KCZ 125.3 89.1 166.1 ZnCZ 72.9 72.1 78.4
- 19. POLYMER TECHNOLOGY • Specialty Fertilizer Products has developed and patented a family of high charge density dicarboxylic copolymers that affect the availability and plant utilization of applied P fertilizers. These polymers are biodegradable and highly water soluble. The technology marketed as Avail® can be applied directly to granular P fertilizers as a coating or mixed into liquid fertilizers.
- 20. MODE OF ACTION • the high charge density of the polymer (approximately 1800 milliequivalents [meq]/100 grams of polymer) results in sequestration of polyvalent metal cations in soil solution, disrupting and delaying normal P fixation reactions resulting in extended availability of highly water soluble ammonium and calcium phosphates.
- 21. • Results of a laboratory study show the effects of varying concentrations of Avail polymer coated on granular monoammonium phosphate (MAP) which was placed in 100 ppm solutions of Ca, Fe and Al. The resulting P concentrations in solution suggest that the polymer affected the reactions of the three cations with the dissolving MAP allowing more P into solution and ultimately available for plant uptake.
- 22. • In the soil, the dissolving polymer sequesters the antagonistic cations that react with P in the soil solution of the microenvironment surrounding the fertilizer granule or in the fluid P band. • Since P is immobile, once the chemistry of the dissolution area has been modified, the un- fixed P can be taken up by the plant without interference.
- 23. Improving Phosphorus use Efficiency with Polymer Technology Dr. Ray Lamond (2011) Location: Kansas State University Green house experiment
- 24. Experiment details • Soil pH: 4.7 • Maize was planted in rows and MAP with or without the polymer was banded 2.5 cm to the side and 2.5 cm below the seed with a target application rate equivalent to 45 kg P2O5 ha-1. • After 30 days, plants were harvested, dried, weighed, ground and analyzed. • P1X- without polymer • P2X- with polymer
- 25. Polymer evaluation on maize under greenhouse Material g Dry Wt % P Conc mg P Use effficiency(%) Control 5.18 0.827 43.2 P1X* 8.90 0.996 88.7 P2X* 9.55 1.043 99.6 LSD.05 2.47 0.177 31.8 Dr. Ray Lamond (2011)
- 26. Conclusion • Results reported showed a highly significant effect of polymer on plant dry weights, P concentration and P uptake and encouraged expansion to field studies.
- 27. Nanoparticles • Nanoparticles: Particles with size in the range of 1-100nm • Small objects which behave as a whole unit • The term “Nano” is derived from the Greek word, nanos meaning ‘DWARF’ • Norio Taniguchi, Professor coined the term “Nanotechnology” (1974)
- 29. Unique Properties of Nanoparticles • Smaller size, Larger surface area • Increased surface area to volume ratio • Nanoparticles can even pass through the plant and animal cell, which is the main clue through which nanotechnologists able to achieve the phenomena of delivering the required product at cellular level, also this thing make nanotechnology advantageous over conventional method. • Slow release • Specific release
- 30. MODE OF ACTION
- 31. Nanotechnological approach to enhance NUE Encapsulation of fertilizer with nanoparticles Slow delivery Smart delivery system Nanobiosensor
- 32. Method of Application of Nanofertilizer
- 33. Using nanotechnology for enhancing phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency of peanut bean grown in sandy soils Rehab H. Hagab (2018)
- 34. Experiment details • Crop : Peanut • Method : field experiment • Location : Baloza Research Station of the Desert Research Center, Egypt • Treatments : 4 • Replication : 3 • Design : factorial randomized complete block design
- 35. OBJECTIVE • study was to evaluate the effect of application of Nano Zeolite Phosphorus (NZP 20.9% P2O5), Zeolite Phosphorus (ZP 8% P2O5) fertilizers-loaded P from solid KH2PO4 compared with the conventional fertilizer Super Phosphate fertilizer (SP 15.5% P2O5) on growth, yield, nutrient contents and uptake of peanut plants.
- 36. Initial soil properties • Texture : Sandy • pH : 8.20 • EC : 1.37 Ds m-1 • Available N : 35 (mg/kg) • Available P : 2.66(mg/kg) • Available K :44 (mg/kg)
- 37. Effect of application of nano-zeolite phosphorus (NZP), zeolite phosphorus (ZP) and super phosphate on nutrient content in straw and seeds of peanut crop grown on sandy soil Source of P fertilizer Rate % Nutritional content in seed Nutritional content in straw Apparent P recovery efficiency % control 0.63 0.04 0.19 0.78 0.056 0.29 50 1.46 0.11 0.44 1.81 0.12 0.65 15.80 SP 75 1.88 0.12 0.57 2.82 0.14 0.76 15.90 100 2.16 0.14 0.71 3.52 0.18 0.91 18.40 50 1.77 0.13 0.54 2.33 0.14 0.84 26.50 NZP 75 2.09 0.14 0.66 3.10 0.16 1.03 22.70 100 2.35 0.18 1.06 4.01 0.28 1.27 32.90 50 1.67 0.12 0.52 1.21 0.13 0.78 23.10 ZP 75 1.95 0.13 0.59 2.47 0.15 0.97 20.80 100 2.18 0.15 1.02 3.17 0.19 1.14 23.70 LSD 0.05 souurce of P 0.161 0.015 0.053 0.018 0.004 0.008 LSD 0.05 rates 0.186 0.017 0.061 0.016 0.005 0.009 LSD 0.05 interaction 0.005 0.030 0.028 0.0317 0.008 0.016 SP= Super Phosphate fertilizer NZP= Nano Zeolite Phosphor ZP= Zeolite Rehab H. Hagab(2018)
- 38. CONCLUSION • The above methods shows that which improves the phosphorous use efficiency, improves the availability of other nutrients and helps to evaluation of the nutrient use efficiency. • These methods also helps to adoption of new technologies in agriculture.
Editor's Notes
- #13: Swedish mineralogist
- #14: By swedish mineralogist
- #15: Based on cronstedt findings zeolites were considered as the minerals found in…
- #37: Rehab H. Hagab1, Yousra H. Kotp2*, Doaa Eissa(2018) Using nanotechnology for enhancing phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency of peanut bean grown in sandy soils , Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research | Published by SPER Publication, Vol 8,:59-67.