In Apc Training Presentation

Advanced Process Control Training Presentation Lee Smith March 29, 2006

Advanced Process Control (APC) Defined Applications, Advantages & Limitations Basic Process Control Discussed Feedback Control Feedforward Control Advanced Process Control Discussed Real World Examples Process Control Exercise (PID Control) Summary Readings List Contents

State-of-the-art in Modern Control Engineering Appropriate for Process Systems and Applications APC: systematic approach to choosing relevant techniques and their integration into a management and control system to enhance operation and profitability Advanced Process Control

APC is a step beyond Process Control Built on foundation of basic process control loops Process Models predict output from key process variables online and real-time Optimize Process Outputs relative to quality and profitability goals Advanced Process Control Key process variables Management Objectives

APC can be applied to any system or process where outputs can be optimized on-line and in real-time Model of process or system exist or can be developed Typical applications: Petrochemical plants and processes Semiconductor wafer manufacturing processes Also applicable to a wide variety of other systems including aerospace, robotics, radar tracking, vehicle guidance systems, etc. How Can APC Be Used?

Production quality can be controlled and optimized to management constraints APC can accomplish the following: improve product yield, quality and consistency reduce process variability—plants to be operated at designed capacity operating at true and optimal process constraints—controlled variables pushed against a limit reduce energy consumption exceed design capacity while reducing product giveaway increase responsiveness to desired changes (eliminate deadtime) improve process safety and reduce environmental emissions Profitability of implementing APC: benefits ranging from 2% to 6% of operating costs reported Petrochemical plants reporting up to 3% product yield improvements 10-15% improved ROI at some semiconductor plants Advantages and Benefits

Implementation of an APC system is time consuming, costly and complex May require improved control hardware than currently exists High level of technical competency required Usually installed and maintained by vendors & consultants Must have a very good understanding of process prior to implementation High training requirements Difficult to use and operate after implementation Requires large capacity operations to justify effort and expense New APC applications more difficult, time consuming and costly Off-the-shelf APC products must be customized Limitations

What is Basic Process Control? Process control loop: control component monitors desired output results and changes input variables to obtain the result. Example: thermostat controller House is too cold Furnace Thermostat Controller recognized the house is too cold sends signal to the furnace to turn on and heat the house furnace turns on heats the house Is the house too cold? yes

Basic Control House is too cold Furnace Thermostat Controller recognized the house is too cold sends signal to the furnace to turn on and heat the house furnace turns on heats the house natural gas house temperature measured is temperature below setpoint? setpoint = 72°F Controlled variable: temperature (desired output) Input variable: temperature (measured by thermometer in theromostat) Setpoint: user-defined desired setting (temperature) Manipulated variable: natural gas valve to furnace (subject to control)

Output of the system y ( t ) is fed back to the reference value r ( t ) through measurement of a sensor Controller C takes the difference between the reference and the output and determines the error e Controller C changes the inputs u to Process under control P by the amount of error e Feedback Control Theory

Error is found by subtracting the measured quantity from the setpoint. Proportional - To handle the present, the error is multiplied by a negative constant P and added to the controlled quantity. Note that when the error is zero, a proportional controller's output is zero. Integral - To handle the past, the error is integrated (added up) over a time period, multiplied by a negative constant I and added to the controlled quantity. I finds the process output's average error from the setpoint. A simple proportional system oscillates around the setpoint, because there's nothing to remove the error. By adding a negative proportion of the average error from the process input, the average difference between the process output and the setpoint is always reduced and the process output will settle at the setpoint. Derivative - To handle the future, the first derivative (slope) of the error is calculated, multiplied by negative constant D , and added to the controlled quantity. The larger this derivative term, the more rapidly the controller responds to changes in the process output. The D term dampens a controller's response to short term changes. PID Control

Quickly respond to changes in setpoint Stability of control Dampen oscillation Problems: Deadtime—lag in system response to changes in setpoint Deadtime can cause significant instability into the system controlled Goals of PID Control

PI Control Example I = 1.4 gives the best response: quickly brings controller to setpoint without oscillation

PI Control Example I = 0.6 gives the best response I = 1.1 borders on instability

PID Control Example I = 0.6 gives the best response I = 1.2 & 1.4 unstable

Feedback control is not predictive Requires management or operators to change set points to optimize system Changes can bring instability into system Optimization of many input and output variables almost impossible Most processes are non-linear and change according to the state of the process Control loops are local Limitations of Feedback Control

Feedforward Control Window is open Furnace Feedforward Recognize window is open and house will get cold in the future: Someone reacts and changes controller setpoint to turn on the furnace preemptively. furnace turns on heats the house natural gas house temperature is currently OK turn on furnace Decrease setpoint to turn furnace on Pre-emptive move to prevent house from getting cold

Feedforward control avoids slowness of feedback control Disturbances are measured and accounted for before they have time to affect the system In the house example, a feedforward system measured the fact that the window is opened As a result, automatically turn on the heater before the house can get too cold Difficulty with feedforward control: effects of disturbances must be perfectly predicted There must not be any surprise effects of disturbances Feedforward Control

Combinations of feedback and feedforward control are used Benefits of feedback control: controlling unknown disturbances and not having to know exactly how a system will respond Benefits of feedforward control: responding to disturbances before they can affect the system Combined Feedforward/Feedback

Most complex processes have many variables that have to be regulated To control multiple variables, multiple control loops must be used Example is a reactor with at least three control loops: temperature, pressure and level (flow rate) Multiple control loops often interact causing process instability Multivariable controllers account for loop interaction Models can be developed to provide feedforward control strategies applied to all control loops simultaneously Multivariable Control

Process models have some uncertainty Sensitive multivariate controller will also be sensitive to uncertainties and can cause instability Filter attenuates unknowns in the feedback loop Difference between process and model outputs Moderates excessive control This strategy is powerful and framework of model-based control Internal Model-Based Control

Inputs to advanced control systems require accurate, clean and consistent process data “ garbage in garbage out” Many key product qualities cannot be measured on-line but require laboratory analyses Inferential estimation techniques use available process measures, combined with delayed lab results, to infer product qualities on-line Available sensors may have to be filtered to attenuate noise Time-lags may be introduced Algorithms using SPC concepts have proven very useful to validate and condition process measurement With many variables to manipulate, control strategy and design is critical to limit control loop interaction Important Data Issues

Simple distillation column with APC Column objective is to remove pentanes and lighter components from bottom naphtha product APC input: Column top tray temperature Top and bottom product component laboratory analyses Column pressures Unit optimization objectives APC controlled process variables Temperature of column overhead by manipulating fuel gas control valve Overhead reflux flow rate Bottom reboiler outlet temperature by manipulating steam (heat) input control valve Note that product flow rates not controlled Overhead product controlled by overhead drum level Bottoms product controlled by level in the tower bottom APC anticipates changes in stabilized naphtha product due to input variables and adjusts relevant process variables to compensate Distillation Tower Example

Distillation Tower APC Results

APC Application in Wafer Fab Source: Carl Fiorletta, “Capabilities and Lessons from 10 Years of APC Success,” Solid State Technology , February 2004, pg 67-70.

To give a better understanding concerning problems encountered in typical control schemes Use embedded excel spreadsheet on next slide to investigate response to a change in set point Double click on graph to open Graph shows controller output after a maximum of 50 iterations Simulates the response of PI (proportional + integral) controller Performance of control parameter given by sum of errors in controller output versus setpoint after 50 iterations Deadtime is the process delay in observing an output response to the controller input SP is the setpoint change Exercise in PID Control

Questions: 1. Set Deadtime = 0 With P = 0.4, what is the optimal I to obtain the optimal controller response (minimum Sum of Errors)? With P = 1.0, what is the optimal I to obtain the optimal controller response? 2. Set Deadtime = 1 With P = 0.4, what is the optimal I to obtain the optimal controller response? With P = 1.0, what is the optimal I to obtain the optimal controller response? What are the optimum values for P and I to obtain the optimal controller response? Is the controller always stable (are there values of P and I that make the controller response unstable)? 3. Set Deadtime = 3 With P = 0.4, what is the optimal I to obtain the optimal controller response? With P = 1.0, what is the optimal I to obtain the optimal controller response? What are the optimum values for P and I to obtain the optimal controller response? Is the controller always stable (are there values of P and I that make the controller response unstable)? 4. How does increasing the deadtime affect the capability of the controller? 5. What control schemes are available to optimize controller capability? Exercise in PID Control

Local PID controllers only concerned with optimizing response of one setpoint in one variable APC manipulates local controller setpoints according to future predictions of embedded process model Hierarchal and multiobjective controller philosophy Optimizes local controller interactions and parameters Optimized to multiple economic objectives Benefits of APC: ability to reduce process variation and optimize multiple variables simultaneously Maximize the process capacity to unit constraints Reduce quality giveaway as products closer to specifications Ability to offload optimization responsibility from operator Summary

Recommended References Camacho E F & Bordons C, Model Predictive Control, Springer, 1999. Dutton K, Thompson S & Barraclough B, The Art of Control Engineering, Addison Wesley, 1997. Marlin T, Process Control: Designing Processes and Control Systems for Dynamic Performance, McGraw Hill, 1995. Ogunnaike B A & Ray W H, Process Dynamics, Modelling and Control, Oxford University Press, 1994.

Useful Websites http://www.onesmartclick.com/engineering/chemical-process-control.html http://www.aspentech.com/ http://www.apc-network.com/apc/default.aspx http://www.hyperion.com.cy/EN/services/process/apc.html http://ieee-ias.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_process_control

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