In between open and closed - Drawing the fine line
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The document discusses a case study of a Finnish startup company that developed a smartphone operating system called Sailfish OS. The company initiated an open community to aid in the development of the proprietary Sailfish OS. The community provided requirements, testing, and feedback that complemented the company's R&D efforts. The case study examines how the company initiated and managed this hybrid open-proprietary collaboration model to balance openness with protecting its competitive advantages.
In between open and closed - Drawing the fine line
- 1. www.cs.helsinki.fi In between open and closed: Drawing the fine line in hybrid OSS communities Hanna Mäenpää hanna.maenpaa@cs.helsinki.fi Department of Computer Science University of Helsinki 11.4.2016 1 Tomi Männistö tomi.mannisto@cs.helsinki.fi Empirical Software Engineering Group www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/ese/ Terhi Kilamo terhi.kilamo@tut.fi Tampere Technical University
- 2. www.cs.helsinki.fi Motivation – Open innovation Crowdsourcing allows profit-oriented companies to outsource tasks to the general public, yielding better results at less expense than they would otherwise cost. These opportunities are highlighted at early stages of product development and when introducing new products to the marketplace.. For software companies, the OSS communities and adopting their ways of working are promising - lead users. 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 2
- 3. www.cs.helsinki.fi Conflicting motivations – OSS vs. Commercial 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 3 An apt division of labor, knowledge and decision power is needed to build trust and reciprocity between the stakeholders. This is influenced by how the community is built and managed: the socio-technical infrastructure it is supported by and the practices that are employed in its governance.
- 4. www.cs.helsinki.fi Research has been called for understanding: • How relationships in between companies and their “un-paid employees” can form.1 • Why do companies enter these relationships.5 • What principles, processes9 and forms of control10 take place in their governance. 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 4
- 5. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 5 Single case study Descriptive Exploratory Mixed methods Industry context 2 years
- 6. www.cs.helsinki.fi A Post-Nokia startup (est. 2011) Smartphone product • Crowdfunding Jul 2013 • Delivered 24th Dec 2013 • 137 countries Sailfish OS – a prototype • 1.0.1.12 Dec 27th 2013 • 1.0.3.8 Jan 31st 2014 • 1.0.4.20 Mar 17th 2014 11.4.2016 6
- 7. www.cs.helsinki.fi Company values 11.4.2016 7 Unique user experience Security, transparency, full control over hardware and data “We want to create an innovation platform for ideas, opportunities and openness.”
- 8. www.cs.helsinki.fi Company values 11.4.2016 8 Unique user experience Security, transparency, full control over hardware and data “We want to create an innovation platform for ideas, opportunities and openness.”
- 9. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 9 Hybrid Environment A mix of open and proprietary
- 10. www.cs.helsinki.fi Sailfish Operating System 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 10 Linux kernel: Hardware specific adaptation
- 11. www.cs.helsinki.fi Sailfish Operating System 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 11 Linux kernel: Hardware specific adaptation Application platform: Mobility, sensors graphics and web Core OS: System essentials, management of software and personal information, security
- 12. www.cs.helsinki.fi Sailfish Operating System 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 12 Linux kernel: Hardware specific adaptation Application platform: Mobility, sensors graphics and web Basic applications: Settings, contacts, camera, application store OS core: System essentials, management of software and personal information, security Middleware and user interface: Power management, performance optimizations, multitasking, gestures
- 13. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 13 Application platform: Mobility, sensors graphics and web Basic applications: Settings, contacts, camera, application store OS core: System essentials, management of software and personal information, security Middleware and user interface: Power management, performance optimizations, multitasking, gestures Linux kernel: Hardware specific adaptation Sailfish Operating System
- 14. www.cs.helsinki.fi Collaboration models 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of ComputerScience 14
- 15. www.cs.helsinki.fi Collaboration models 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of ComputerScience 15
- 16. www.cs.helsinki.fi Collaboration models 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of ComputerScience 16
- 17. www.cs.helsinki.fi Collaboration models 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of ComputerScience 17
- 18. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 18 Research questions 1. How can an open community aid the development of proprietary software? 2. How can a company initiate such a relationship? 1. How can a company manage the collaboration?
- 19. www.cs.helsinki.fi Research design: 11.4.2016 19 Company • Semi-structured interviews • Face to face, email Customer community members • Interview of a moderator • Surveys on demographics and motivation of members Realized activities • Forum data mining • Freely available documents
- 20. www.cs.helsinki.fi 2013 2014 2015 Motivation survey 1, N=192 Motivation survey 2, N=101 January: QM / RPM Launch: Registered users, activity Keyword and interaction analysis Demographics Revisiting user profiles and activity June: QM, moderator 11.4.2016 20 Company • Semi-structured interviews • Face to face, email Customer community members • Interview of a moderator • Surveys on demographics and motivation of members Realized activities • Forum data mining • Freely available documents March: RPM Research design: Revisiting, revisiting, revisiting
- 21. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 21 Intermediary results
- 22. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 22 Creative, self-organizing and autonomous.
- 23. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 23 Clear purpose
- 24. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 24 Activeness of the community “The first evening we had hundreds of people logged in and contributing”
- 25. www.cs.helsinki.fi Ideas, questions, defect reports 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 25 The extent of the testing activities could not have been achieved without the help of the customers.
- 26. www.cs.helsinki.fi Motivation – 2014 6mo 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 26
- 27. www.cs.helsinki.fi Motivation 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 27
- 28. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 28 Motivation - open “I believe in an open community that is intrinsically motivated to work together for the benefit of all.” “I love the idea to exit from iOS, Windows and especially Android world: with Sailfish we’re talking about real open source, freedom and the close contact between us users and the company giving us the possibility to do something new, unlike and interesting.”
- 29. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 29 Finally: Lessons learned
- 30. www.cs.helsinki.fi RQ1: How can an open community aid the development of proprietary software? 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 30 Create Process Refine Amend Evaluate
- 31. www.cs.helsinki.fi RQ1: How can an open community aid the development of proprietary software? 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 31 Complementing R&D • Requirements engineering • Post release testing • Release planning • Feasibility of ideas Allowing continuous experimentation • Strategy – company values Customer support Create Process Refine Amend Evaluate
- 32. www.cs.helsinki.fi RQ2: How can a company initiate such a relationship? 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 32 Purpose People Platform
- 33. www.cs.helsinki.fi RQ2: How can a company initiate such a relationship? 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 33 Purpose People Platform 1. Commitment to a product 1. Exclusivity 2. Matching values 1. Low barrier of communication with top executives • Man on the inside
- 34. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 34 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration?
- 35. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 35 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration?
- 36. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 36 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? Post-release No promises No opinions Postum notifications Release notes
- 37. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 37 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? Post-release No promises No opinions Postum notifications Release notes
- 38. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 38 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? “Early” opt-in Post-release No promises No opinions Postum notifications Release notes
- 39. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 39 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? No promises No opinions Postum notifications Release notes “Early” opt-in Post-release
- 40. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 40 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? C-beta “Early” opt-in Post-release No promises No opinions Postum notifications Release notes
- 41. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 41 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? C-beta “Early” opt-in Post-release Knowledge Access Decision making power
- 42. www.cs.helsinki.fi Knowledge Access Decision making power 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 42 RQ3: How can a company manage the collaboration? C-beta “Early” opt-in Post-release
- 43. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 43 To conclude The challenges lie in creating and sustaining a balance between the open and the proprietary, public and private, autonomy and governed. While overt openness may risk the competitive advantage of a company, leaving too much behind closed boundaries can create unnecessary friction in between the company and its open community.
- 44. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 44 Limitations Learnings are directional to similar market introductions where a new product relies on OSS software and a large up front investment has already been made by the customer.
- 45. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 45 Limitations Transferability 1. Single case 2. Descriptive 3. History of the software and the people Validity of the research design 1. Methodologically fragmented 2. Data sampling representative of only the most active contributors, not the whole customer population Internal validity 1. Researcher bias – at time a solo effort Learnings are directional to similar market introductions where a new product relies on OSS software and a large up front investment has already been made by the customer. 30%
- 46. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 46 Questions?
- 47. www.cs.helsinki.fi 11.4.2016 Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science 47 Thank you Hanna Mäenpää hanna.maenpaa@cs.helsinki.fi “Leaving the requirements open: Case studies in Hybrid OSS environments” http://tinyurl.com/hannas-dissertation
Editor's Notes
- #7: Nokia bridge program: 25k and intellectual property rights
- #8: Minimally viable prototype
- #9: Minimally viable prototype
- #12: The foundation of building applications for the device is Qt
- #13: The most essential functionality of the smartphone was offered by a “basic applications” layer where… Application store
- #14: Along with the hardware specific kernel, these libraries were licensed as proprietary. Collaboration models!
- #15: Along with the hardware specific kernel, these libraries were licensed as proprietary. Collaboration models!
- #16: Along with the hardware specific kernel, these libraries were licensed as proprietary. Collaboration models!
- #17: Along with the hardware specific kernel, these libraries were licensed as proprietary. Collaboration models!
- #18: Along with the hardware specific kernel, these libraries were licensed as proprietary. Collaboration models!
- #31: Came inherited by Askbot
- #32: Came inherited by Askbot
- #38: Customers are demanding in this regard. Sometimes we give a time window for releases but it is not enough. When the window is starting to get smaller, users ask: Hey Where is the update, What’s happening? I want it now!”
- #42: “Decisions mostly rely on technical know-how and debts in software to stir the development in the right direction” Together still guide us to identify the most painful issues for our end users.”