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©2022
Isharyanti, N.
In the Search for Enabling
and Constraining
Arrangements for Better
Teaching Practices: EFL
Teachers’ Narratives
Neny Isharyanti [& Debora Tri Ragawanti]
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
To identify the arrangements in the teacher
certification program (PPG) that enable or
constrain in-service EFL teachers to do
their teaching practicum.
Aim of the Study
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Participants
15 teachers
10 JHS
5 SHS
8 West
5 Central
3 East
Research
Paradigm
Qualitative
Narrative
Inquiry
Data
Collection
Narrative
Reports
Teaching
Practicum
Experiences
Data
Analysis
Thematic
Analysis
Mindmapping
Theoretical
Framework
Practice
Architectures
Cultural-
Discursive
Arrangements
Material-
Economic
Arrangements
Social-Political
Arrangements
The Study
Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG)
Batch 4
Academic year 2021
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Cultural-
Discursive
Arrangements
Discourses
Problem-Based Approach
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Pedagogical
Theories &
concepts
Cultural-Discursive
Arrangements
• Program
Topics
1st phase
• Material
Design
2nd phase
• Teaching
Practicum
3rd phase
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Problem-
based
Approach
Cultural-Discursive
Arrangements
• Problem
Current
Practice
• Solution
Future
Practice
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Discourses &
Problem-based
Approach
Lacked of pedagogical (participant 7),
technology (participant 5, 7, 12), &
subject knowledge (participant 7)
competence
Teacher qualification standard (the
Ministry of National Education
regulation 16/2007).
Teacher Professional Development
(HOTs, TPACK)
Teacher-centred learning (participant
1, 6, and 14)
Learner-centeredness and learner
autonomy in the 21st century learning
characteristics
More innovative teaching strategies
Students
Students’ lack of active involvement in
the learning activities (participant 1, 6,
7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14),
Unable to do the activities (participant
1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14)
Conducting need analysis
Providing alternative or additional
activities that are project-based,
HOTs-oriented, or involving
technology.
Having low confidence in doing the
tasks (participant 1, 7, 12, 15)
Having low motivation in engaging in
the activities (participant 5, 6, 8, 9, 11,
15)
Motivating students
Cultural-Discursive Arrangements
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Material-
Economic
Arrangements
Assessment Requirements
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
• Online Teaching
Practicum
• Video evidence
• Number of students
Assessment
Requirements
• Technology-related
problems
• Time Management
• Teaching Environment
• Students’ Availability
Problems
Assessment
Requirements
Material-Economic
Arrangements
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Assessment
Requirements
Technology-
related
problems
Internet connection problems (participant
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14)
Limitation of access in using devices or
learning apps (participant 1, 5, 6, 7, 12,
13, 14, 15)
Failures to record video (participant 3, 5,
7, 11) or audio (participant 1, 5, 9, 11,
12, 13), or the quality of lighting
(participant 3, 11)
Time
Management
Finishing the teaching session on time
(participant 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14).
Internet access problems
Material difficulty
Filling the session with enough learning
activities (participant 7, 8, 10, 13, 14).
Material-economic problem (e.g. uninteresting teaching materials,
the necessity to let students to have Friday prayer break)
Cultural-discursive arrangement problems (e.g. the participants’ lack
of classroom management or teaching techniques, the students’
lack of competences in using the language or the technology)
Material-
Economic
Arrangements
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Assessment
Requirements
Teaching Environment
(participant 6, 7, 9, 12)
Not conducive for delivering
the course online
Not ideal for getting quality
recording
Students’ Availability
(participant 4, 7, 10, 14, 15).
Students being sick
Having no access to the
internet
The necessity to attend other
school/community events or
vaccination drives on the day
Scheduling problems
Material-
Economic
Arrangements
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Social-Political
Arrangements
The relationships with the
school’s stakeholders
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Relationship
with the
School’s
Stakeholders
Social-Political
Arrangements
• Problems
Other
Arrangements
• Colleagues
• Students
• School’s
Principal
Relationships
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Problems
Technology
School
Colleagues
Transactional
Students
Power
contestation
Teaching
Practicum
School
Principal
Permissions
Students’
Availability
PPG
Program
Colleagues
Collegial
Social-
Political
Arrangements
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
PPG program
design
Training Topics
Assessment
Requirements
Cultural-Discursive
Arrangements
Discourses
Problem-based Approach
Material-Economic
Arrangements
Technology-related problems
Time Management
Teaching Environment
Students’ Availability
Social-Economic
Arrangements
Transactional
Power Contestation
Collegial
Conclusions &
Recommendations
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Any questions?
Thank you!
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
Neny Isharyanti, Ph.D., AFHEA
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
Salatiga, Indonesia
neny.isharyanti@uksw.edu
@nenyish
0857-4000-1857
Dr. Debora Tri Ragawanti
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
Salatiga, Indonesia
debora.ragawanti@uksw.edu
0815-6663-400
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• Andrews, J., & Higson, H. (2008). Graduate employability, ‘soft skills’ versus ‘hard’ business knowledge:
A European study. Higher Education in Europe, 33(4), 411–422.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627
• Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on teachers’ professional
identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.07.001
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
• Connelly, M. F., & Clandinin, J. D. (1999). Shaping a professional identity: Stories of educational
practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
• Cranmer, S. (2006). Enhancing graduate employability: best intentions and mixed outcomes. Studies in
Higher Education, 31(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070600572041
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy
Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–44. Retrieved from https://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/392/515
• Ersin, P., Atay, D., & Mede, E. (2020). Boosting Preservice Teachers’ Competence and Online Teaching Readiness through
E-Practicum during the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(2), 112-124.
• Evagorou, M., & Nisiforou, E. (2020). Engaging Pre-service Teachers in an Online STEM Fair during COVID-19. Journal of
Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 179-186.
• Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003a). Temporary employment and employability: Training opportunities and efforts of temporary and
permanent employees in Belgium. Work, Employment and Society, 17(4), 641–666.
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• Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003b). The concept employability: a complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resources
Development and Management, 3(2), 102–124. Retrieved from http://www.ouderenenarbeid.be/documenten/artikel
ijhrdm.pdf
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• Forrier, A., Sels, L., & Stynen, D. (2009). Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure: A conceptual
model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 739–759. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470933
• Forrier, A., Verbruggen, M., & De Cuyper, N. (2015). Integrating different notions of employability in a dynamic chain: The
relationship between job transitions, movement capital and perceived employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 56–
64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVB.2015.04.007
• Gornitzka, Å., & Maassen, P. (2000). Hybrid steering approaches with respect to European higher education. Higher
Education Policy, 13(3), 267–285.
• Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/manchester/detail.action?docID=422896
• Hattie, J. (2003). Teachers make a Difference, what is the research evidence? In ACER Research Conference. Melbourne,
Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research. Retrieved from
http://research.acer.edu.au/research_conference_2003
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
• Jan, H. (2017). Teacher of 21st century: Characteristics and development. Research on humanities and
social sciences, 7 (9), 50-54.
• Johnson, K.E., & Golombek, P.R. (2022). Inquiry into experience. In Jack, C. R. Teachers’ narrative
inquiry (pp. 1-14). Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.
• Kadir, F. A., & Aziz, A. A. (2021). Teaching Practicum during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review of the
Challenges and Opportunities of Pre-service Teachers. International Journal of Academic Research in
Business and Social Sciences, 11(4), 1175–1183.
• Kemmis, S. (2019). A practice sensibility: An invitation to the theory of practice architectures. A Practice
Sensibility. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9539-1
• Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The action research planner: Doing critical participatory
action research. Singapore: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• King, N., & Brooks, J. (2019). Thematic analysis in organisational research. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe, & G. Grandy (Eds.),
The SAGE handbook of qualitative business and management research methods: Methods and challenges (pp. 219–236).
London, UK: SAGE Publications.
• Langelotz, L. (2017). Collegial mentoring for professional development. In K. Mahon, S. Fransisco, & S. Kemmis. Exploring
education and professional prctice through the lense of practice architecture (pp. 139-149). Singapore: Springer.
• Mahon, K., Kemmis, S., Fransisco, S., & Lloyd, A. (2017). Introduction: practice theory and the theory of practice
architectures. In K. Mahon, S. Fransisco, & S. Kemmis. Exploring education and professional prctice through the lense of
practice architecture (pp. 1-28). Singapore: Springer.
• Miller, J. (2009). Teacher identity. In A. Burns & J. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher
education (pp. 172–181). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Minister of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. Regulation of the Minister of National Education (MONE)
16/2007 on Standards of Academic Qualification and Competencies of Teachers (2007). Retrieved from
https://jdih.kemdikbud.go.id/arsip/Nomor 16 Tahun 2007.pdf
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• Minister of Research Technology and Higher Education. Regulation of the Minister of Research,
Technology and Higher Education (MOTHE) 55/2017 on Standards of Teacher Education (2017).
Retrieved from https://jdih.ristekbrin.go.id/view-file/?id=d232af2b-944c-4aae-bd37-d274b563a0f5
• Minister of education and culture regulation. Regulation of the minister of education and culture 38/2020
on procedures to get a teacher certification for in-service teachers (2020). Retrieved from
https://ppg.kemdikbud.go.id/pdf-viewer/web/viewer.html?file=/storage/2020/09/Permendikbud-
Nomor38-Tahun-2020.pdf
• Morley, L. (2001). Producing new workers: Quality, equality and employability in higher education.
Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120060024
• Neave, G. (1988). On the cultivation of quality, efficiency and enterprise: an overview of recent trends in
higher education in Western Europe, 1986-1988. European Journal of Education, 7–23.
• Neave, G. (1998). The evaluative state reconsidered. European Journal of Education, 33(3), 265–284.
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• Rae, D. (2007). Connecting enterprise and graduate employability: Challenges to the higher education
culture and curriculum? Education + Training, 49(5), 605–619.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710834049
• Smith, J. A. (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed.). London,
UK: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lv0aCAAAQBAJ
• Tavakoli, H. A Dictionary of research methodology and Statistics in applied linguistics.Tehran, Iran:
Rahnama Press.
• Taylor, A. (1998). Employability skills: from corporate “wish list” to government policy. Journal of
Curriculum Studies, 30(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202798183675
• Turner‐Bisset, R. (2013). Expert teaching: Knowledge and pedagogy to lead the profession. (David
Fulton Publishers, Ed.).
©2022
Isharyanti, N.
References
• Van Vught, F. A. (1995). Policy models and policy instruments in higher education: The effects of governmental policy-
making on the innovative behaviour of higher education institutions. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of
Theory and Research (pp. 88–125). New York: Agathon Press.
• Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives
and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2
• Xiong, X. B., & Lim, C. P. (2015). Curriculum leadership and the development of ICT in education competencies of pre-
service teachers in South China. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(3), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-015-
0238-1
• Yokoyama, K., & Meek, V. L. (2010). Steering of higher education systems - The role of the state. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, &
B. McGaw (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 554–558). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Retrieved from
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d9e122f7728b&acdnat=1542989773_0f91e04932874d7e6a107e98757eb90c

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In the Search for Enabling and Constraining Arrangements for Better Teaching Practices

  • 1. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. In the Search for Enabling and Constraining Arrangements for Better Teaching Practices: EFL Teachers’ Narratives Neny Isharyanti [& Debora Tri Ragawanti]
  • 2. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. To identify the arrangements in the teacher certification program (PPG) that enable or constrain in-service EFL teachers to do their teaching practicum. Aim of the Study
  • 3. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Participants 15 teachers 10 JHS 5 SHS 8 West 5 Central 3 East Research Paradigm Qualitative Narrative Inquiry Data Collection Narrative Reports Teaching Practicum Experiences Data Analysis Thematic Analysis Mindmapping Theoretical Framework Practice Architectures Cultural- Discursive Arrangements Material- Economic Arrangements Social-Political Arrangements The Study Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG) Batch 4 Academic year 2021
  • 9. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Pedagogical Theories & concepts Cultural-Discursive Arrangements • Program Topics 1st phase • Material Design 2nd phase • Teaching Practicum 3rd phase
  • 11. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Discourses & Problem-based Approach Lacked of pedagogical (participant 7), technology (participant 5, 7, 12), & subject knowledge (participant 7) competence Teacher qualification standard (the Ministry of National Education regulation 16/2007). Teacher Professional Development (HOTs, TPACK) Teacher-centred learning (participant 1, 6, and 14) Learner-centeredness and learner autonomy in the 21st century learning characteristics More innovative teaching strategies Students Students’ lack of active involvement in the learning activities (participant 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14), Unable to do the activities (participant 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14) Conducting need analysis Providing alternative or additional activities that are project-based, HOTs-oriented, or involving technology. Having low confidence in doing the tasks (participant 1, 7, 12, 15) Having low motivation in engaging in the activities (participant 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15) Motivating students Cultural-Discursive Arrangements
  • 13. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. • Online Teaching Practicum • Video evidence • Number of students Assessment Requirements • Technology-related problems • Time Management • Teaching Environment • Students’ Availability Problems Assessment Requirements Material-Economic Arrangements
  • 14. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Assessment Requirements Technology- related problems Internet connection problems (participant 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14) Limitation of access in using devices or learning apps (participant 1, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15) Failures to record video (participant 3, 5, 7, 11) or audio (participant 1, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13), or the quality of lighting (participant 3, 11) Time Management Finishing the teaching session on time (participant 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14). Internet access problems Material difficulty Filling the session with enough learning activities (participant 7, 8, 10, 13, 14). Material-economic problem (e.g. uninteresting teaching materials, the necessity to let students to have Friday prayer break) Cultural-discursive arrangement problems (e.g. the participants’ lack of classroom management or teaching techniques, the students’ lack of competences in using the language or the technology) Material- Economic Arrangements
  • 15. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Assessment Requirements Teaching Environment (participant 6, 7, 9, 12) Not conducive for delivering the course online Not ideal for getting quality recording Students’ Availability (participant 4, 7, 10, 14, 15). Students being sick Having no access to the internet The necessity to attend other school/community events or vaccination drives on the day Scheduling problems Material- Economic Arrangements
  • 17. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Relationship with the School’s Stakeholders Social-Political Arrangements • Problems Other Arrangements • Colleagues • Students • School’s Principal Relationships
  • 19. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. PPG program design Training Topics Assessment Requirements Cultural-Discursive Arrangements Discourses Problem-based Approach Material-Economic Arrangements Technology-related problems Time Management Teaching Environment Students’ Availability Social-Economic Arrangements Transactional Power Contestation Collegial Conclusions & Recommendations
  • 21. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. Neny Isharyanti, Ph.D., AFHEA Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga, Indonesia neny.isharyanti@uksw.edu @nenyish 0857-4000-1857 Dr. Debora Tri Ragawanti Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga, Indonesia debora.ragawanti@uksw.edu 0815-6663-400
  • 22. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • Andrews, J., & Higson, H. (2008). Graduate employability, ‘soft skills’ versus ‘hard’ business knowledge: A European study. Higher Education in Europe, 33(4), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627 • Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on teachers’ professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.07.001 • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa • Connelly, M. F., & Clandinin, J. D. (1999). Shaping a professional identity: Stories of educational practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. • Cranmer, S. (2006). Enhancing graduate employability: best intentions and mixed outcomes. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070600572041
  • 23. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–44. Retrieved from https://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/392/515 • Ersin, P., Atay, D., & Mede, E. (2020). Boosting Preservice Teachers’ Competence and Online Teaching Readiness through E-Practicum during the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(2), 112-124. • Evagorou, M., & Nisiforou, E. (2020). Engaging Pre-service Teachers in an Online STEM Fair during COVID-19. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 179-186. • Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003a). Temporary employment and employability: Training opportunities and efforts of temporary and permanent employees in Belgium. Work, Employment and Society, 17(4), 641–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017003174003 • Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003b). The concept employability: a complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 3(2), 102–124. Retrieved from http://www.ouderenenarbeid.be/documenten/artikel ijhrdm.pdf
  • 24. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • Forrier, A., Sels, L., & Stynen, D. (2009). Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure: A conceptual model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 739–759. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470933 • Forrier, A., Verbruggen, M., & De Cuyper, N. (2015). Integrating different notions of employability in a dynamic chain: The relationship between job transitions, movement capital and perceived employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 56– 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVB.2015.04.007 • Gornitzka, Å., & Maassen, P. (2000). Hybrid steering approaches with respect to European higher education. Higher Education Policy, 13(3), 267–285. • Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/manchester/detail.action?docID=422896 • Hattie, J. (2003). Teachers make a Difference, what is the research evidence? In ACER Research Conference. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research. Retrieved from http://research.acer.edu.au/research_conference_2003
  • 25. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. • Jan, H. (2017). Teacher of 21st century: Characteristics and development. Research on humanities and social sciences, 7 (9), 50-54. • Johnson, K.E., & Golombek, P.R. (2022). Inquiry into experience. In Jack, C. R. Teachers’ narrative inquiry (pp. 1-14). Cambridge: Cambridge university Press. • Kadir, F. A., & Aziz, A. A. (2021). Teaching Practicum during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Challenges and Opportunities of Pre-service Teachers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(4), 1175–1183. • Kemmis, S. (2019). A practice sensibility: An invitation to the theory of practice architectures. A Practice Sensibility. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9539-1 • Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The action research planner: Doing critical participatory action research. Singapore: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
  • 26. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • King, N., & Brooks, J. (2019). Thematic analysis in organisational research. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe, & G. Grandy (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative business and management research methods: Methods and challenges (pp. 219–236). London, UK: SAGE Publications. • Langelotz, L. (2017). Collegial mentoring for professional development. In K. Mahon, S. Fransisco, & S. Kemmis. Exploring education and professional prctice through the lense of practice architecture (pp. 139-149). Singapore: Springer. • Mahon, K., Kemmis, S., Fransisco, S., & Lloyd, A. (2017). Introduction: practice theory and the theory of practice architectures. In K. Mahon, S. Fransisco, & S. Kemmis. Exploring education and professional prctice through the lense of practice architecture (pp. 1-28). Singapore: Springer. • Miller, J. (2009). Teacher identity. In A. Burns & J. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education (pp. 172–181). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. • Minister of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. Regulation of the Minister of National Education (MONE) 16/2007 on Standards of Academic Qualification and Competencies of Teachers (2007). Retrieved from https://jdih.kemdikbud.go.id/arsip/Nomor 16 Tahun 2007.pdf
  • 27. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • Minister of Research Technology and Higher Education. Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MOTHE) 55/2017 on Standards of Teacher Education (2017). Retrieved from https://jdih.ristekbrin.go.id/view-file/?id=d232af2b-944c-4aae-bd37-d274b563a0f5 • Minister of education and culture regulation. Regulation of the minister of education and culture 38/2020 on procedures to get a teacher certification for in-service teachers (2020). Retrieved from https://ppg.kemdikbud.go.id/pdf-viewer/web/viewer.html?file=/storage/2020/09/Permendikbud- Nomor38-Tahun-2020.pdf • Morley, L. (2001). Producing new workers: Quality, equality and employability in higher education. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120060024 • Neave, G. (1988). On the cultivation of quality, efficiency and enterprise: an overview of recent trends in higher education in Western Europe, 1986-1988. European Journal of Education, 7–23. • Neave, G. (1998). The evaluative state reconsidered. European Journal of Education, 33(3), 265–284.
  • 28. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • Rae, D. (2007). Connecting enterprise and graduate employability: Challenges to the higher education culture and curriculum? Education + Training, 49(5), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710834049 • Smith, J. A. (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed.). London, UK: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lv0aCAAAQBAJ • Tavakoli, H. A Dictionary of research methodology and Statistics in applied linguistics.Tehran, Iran: Rahnama Press. • Taylor, A. (1998). Employability skills: from corporate “wish list” to government policy. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 30(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202798183675 • Turner‐Bisset, R. (2013). Expert teaching: Knowledge and pedagogy to lead the profession. (David Fulton Publishers, Ed.).
  • 29. ©2022 Isharyanti, N. References • Van Vught, F. A. (1995). Policy models and policy instruments in higher education: The effects of governmental policy- making on the innovative behaviour of higher education institutions. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (pp. 88–125). New York: Agathon Press. • Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2 • Xiong, X. B., & Lim, C. P. (2015). Curriculum leadership and the development of ICT in education competencies of pre- service teachers in South China. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(3), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-015- 0238-1 • Yokoyama, K., & Meek, V. L. (2010). Steering of higher education systems - The role of the state. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 554–558). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Retrieved from https://ac.els-cdn.com/B9780080448947008617/3-s2.0-B9780080448947008617-main.pdf?_tid=3398b19d-28f9-49b1-8dda- d9e122f7728b&acdnat=1542989773_0f91e04932874d7e6a107e98757eb90c