Interviewing
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This document discusses different types of interviews and considerations for conducting interviews. It describes structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews are quick but provide less detailed information, while unstructured interviews provide more in-depth data but are more difficult to analyze. Semi-structured interviews combine aspects of both. Factors like the type of participants, location, timing, question phrasing, recording responses, obtaining consent, and analyzing the data are important to consider for effective interviews.
Interviewing
- 1. Interviewing Coombes, 2001, Research Using IT
- 2. Interview • What do you want from the interview process? • Hitchcock & Hughes (1992:80) Why interview? Where do I interview? Whom do I interview? When do I interview? • Answer must be detailed focus on what you want from the interview
- 3. Types of Interview Structured • Large number of people • Quick & dirty – short, to- the-point questions, yes/no answers • Easier to analyze, compare and collate Unstructured • Like a focused chat • Only for the experts • Or for those who seek for ideas (“a pilot for ideas”) Semi-Structured • Structured interview + Supplementary questions
- 4. Advantages & Disadvantages Issues Structured Semi-structured Unstructured Large number of participants? Yes Yes, but more time consuming No Large amount of straightforward data? Yes Yes, plus added data No More than 1 researcher? Yes Yes More valuable data if there is trust Inexperienced researcher? Yes Yes No, needs control of conversation Free flow of spontaneous info gathering? No Yes, but only in a controlled way & to limited extent Yes, but guidance is needed to limit the data
- 5. Advantages & Disadvantages Issues Structured Semi-Structured Unstructured Quick in completing individual interviews? Yes Yes No Detailed notes? No, tick boxes is enough No, except for added data Yes In-depth information? No No No Piloting? Yes Yes Yes Straightforward analysis? Whatever methods of questionings, as long as you keep records and work methodically, analysis will be straightforward
- 6. Who should be interviewed? • Characteristics of the participants Articulate vs. not Two sides of perspectives Good relationship with researcher(s) Live within easy distance Not busy What they gain from the interview? Any ethical/moral issues? Anonymity? • Large population sample/representatives
- 7. Tips for interviewing • Body language (p. 102)
- 8. Tips for interviewing • Reminder check list (p. 103)
- 9. How to question? • Right question • Right timing • Right track • No leading questions What do you like the most about the shoes? What do you think about the shoes? • Too probing or too many questions Defensive • Open vs. closed questions
- 10. Ethics • Office of the human research • Guidelines on pp. 105-106 Informed decisions Psychological consequences of questions Professional advice from professionals, not you! Privacy Parents’ or “loco in parentis” consent for children subjects Confidentiality Anonymity Stress level
- 11. Additional methods to interviewing • Diaries Time-consuming check w/ the subject Record of actions Need clear instructions Careful design of questions reduce unnecessary answers
- 12. Additional methods to interviewing • Telephones Advantages Disadvantages Less time-consuming than street interview Not enjoying answering questions over the phone Target focused or random selection Bias Easier to administer (no postage, etc.)
- 13. Additional methods to interviewing • Email or Chatting
- 14. Accessing participants • Top down vs. bottom up Top down – use authorities Bottom up – ask permissions • Initial contact Build rapport No promises (what about payment?) Explain aims, show drafts, share results • Organization of time, place, procedure
- 15. Recording the spoken word Issues Tape-Recording Jotting down important points Writing word for word what is said Respondent’s inhibition? Yes, some people don’t like their spoken words taped Less. Respondent can address misunderstanding Less. Respondent can address misunderstanding Off-putting method? Yes, equipment presence may affect Less, as long as interviewer attentive Yes, interviewer will write constantly Straightforward transcribing? Yes, but time consuming Yes, provided researcher has good memory No, very time consuming (bad handwriting)
- 16. Recording the spoken word Issues Tape-Recording Jotting down important points Writing word for word what is said Accurate data? Yes Beware of biased/false statements Yes, provided it’s well prepared Quick method? No No No Uncomplicated analysis? Whatever methods of recording, as long as you keep records and work methodically, analysis will be straightforward