Info 2102 l1 database review

International Islamic University Malaysia
Kuliyyah of ICT – Department of Information Systems
INFO 2102
DATABASE SYSTEMS
II
Dr. Lili Marziana Abdullah
Department of Information Systems
Kulliyyah of Information & Communication Technology

INFO 2102 – Database
Systems II
 Lecturer:
 Dr. Lili Marziana Abdullah
 Room: C5-42 or CITA office, level 3
 Email: lmarziana@iium.edu.my
 Consultation Times:
 Monday and Wednesday, 11.30 am – 12.50 pm

Reminder…
 Regularly access INFO 2102 Course Repository.
 Textbook:
 Required:
Rosenzweig, B and E.S Rakhimov (2008), Oracle
PL/SQL by Example, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall.
Patrick, J. (2009) SQL Fundamentals, Third Edition,
Prentice Hall.
 Online:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/index.html
 Submit copy of MC/valid excuse letter IMMEDIATELY
when you return to class. Pass to classmate for prolonged
absence. Delayed submission will not be accepted.
 Submit any assignment or exercise ON TIME. Delayed
submission will not be accepted.

Reminder…
 DO come ON TIME to the class. I can only tolerate 15
mins late. You will NOT BE ALLOWED to enter class if
later than 15 mins.
 DO observe the university rule on DRESS CODE and
CONDUCT as IIUM STUDENTS.
 DO NOT go in and out from class.
 DO NOT open any social networking websites, chatting
applications or any unrelated applications during the
class. You will be asked to leave if you violate this.
 DO NOT turn on your handphone during class (at least
keep it vibrate)

Assessments
Class Participation 5
Lab Assignments/ Pop-up quiz 10
Lab Tests 10
Midterm 20
Group Project 15
Final Exam 40
TOTAL 100

Course Outline
1 Review of Database Concepts
Creating and Managing Tables
2 Managing Constraints
Data Retrieval
3 Single-row Functions
Date-time Functions
4 Manipulating Data
Displaying Data from Multiple Tables
5 Conditional Expression & Group Functions
Subqueries
6 Lab Test 1
Views
7 Sequence & Index
MidTerm Exam
8 Mid Semester Break

Course Outline
9 Introduction to PL/SQL
Writing Executable Statements
10 Procedures
11 Functions
12 Decision Structures
LOOP
13 Lab Test 2
Composite Data Types
14 Exception Handling and Cursors
15 Group Project Demonstration

Review of
Database Concepts

Objectives
 Review of Database Management System
(DBMS) and its functions
 Review of Client/Server Architecture
 Introduction to ORACLE
 Review of Relational database concepts
 Review of Integrity rules and types of
relationships

Database
 Shared collection of logically related data
(and a description of this data), designed to
meet the information needs of an
organization.

Database
 Shared collection – can be used simultaneously
by many departments and users.
 Logically related - comprises the important
objects and the relationships between these
objects.
 Description of the data – the system catalog
(meta-data) provides description of data to
enable data independence.

DBMS
 A software system that enables users to
define, create, and maintain the database
and that provides controlled access to this
database.

Database application program
 A software program that interacts with the
database by issuing an appropriate request
(typically an SQL statement) to the DBMS.

Functions of a DBMS
 Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
 A User-Accessible Catalog.
 Transaction Support.
 Concurrency Control Services.
 Recovery Services.

Functions of a DBMS
 Authorization Services.
 Support for Data Communication.
 Integrity Services.
 Services to Promote Data Independence.
 Utility Services.

Personal Databases
 Typically maintained by the individual who owns it and
uses it
 Personal database management systems, such as
Microsoft Access and Visual Fox Pro, are usually stored
on a user’s desktop computer system or a client
computer.

Personal Databases
 A server is a computer that accepts and services requests
from other computers, such as client computers.
 A network is an infrastructure of hardware and software
that enables computers to communicate with each other.

Personal Database
File Server
( Database Files)
•Gets file requests
from clients
•Sends files to
clients
•Receives files from
clientsClient 1
( DBMS, Client
Application)
•Sends file requests from
clients
server
•Adds, deletes, updates
data
•Sends files to clients
Client 2
( DBMS, Client
Application)
•Sends file requests from
clients
server
•Adds, deletes, updates
data
•Sends files to clients
NETWORK

ORACLE
 An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a
unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve
related information.
 A database server is the key to solving the problems of
information management.
 In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of
data in a multiuser environment so that many users can
concurrently access the same data. All this is
accomplished while delivering high performance.

ORACLE
 A database server also prevents unauthorized access and
provides efficient solutions for failure recovery.
 An Oracle database system can easily take advantage of
distributed processing by using its client/server
architecture. In this architecture, the database system is
divided into two parts: a front-end or a client, and a
back-end or a server.

ORACLE
 The database has logical structures and physical
structures.
 Because the physical and logical structures are separate,
the physical storage of data can be managed without
affecting the access to logical storage structures.
 Oracle Database is the first database designed for
enterprise grid computing, the most flexible and cost
effective way to manage information and applications.

Overview of Application
Architecture
Client/Server Architecture
 Multiprocessing uses more than one
processor for a set of related jobs.
 Distributed processing:
 reduces the load on a single processor
 concentrate on a subset of related tasks
 improving the performance and capabilities of the system
as a whole.

Client Server Architecture
Database Server
•Gets data requests
from clients
•Adds, deletes,
updates and filter
data
Client 1
(Client Application)
•Sends data requests
•Receives results
•Sends new data
Client 2
(Client Application)
•Sends data requests
•Receives results
•Sends new data
NETWORK

Database Terminology Review
Define the following terms:
 Entity
 Entity Set
 Attribute
 Tuple
 Domain
 Key
 Null

Supermarket

 Entity – A person, place, item, event or a ‘thing’.
 Entity Set – A collection of related entities. For example, entity
INVOICE contains information about invoices.
 Attribute – A characteristic that describes an entity. For example,
invoice number and invoice date are attributes of entity INVOICE.
 Tuple – Another name for a row or a record. It contains attributes of
an entity.
 Domain – A set of all possible values for an attribute.
 Key – A minimal set of attributes, which uniquely defines an entity
in an entity set.
 Null – Unknown, unspecified, not known or not applicable value.

What are two rules of relational database?
Two integrity of the relational database:
 Entity Integrity – Primary key attributes may not be null.
The primary key uniquely identifies an entity, so it
cannot be null and it must have a unique value.
 Referential Integrity – A foreign key may have a null
value or it may have a value that exists as a primary key
value in another table it references.

What are different types of keys?
Types of keys:
 Primary key – A single attribute is used to uniquely identify
an entity in a table.
 Composite key – A combination of two or more attributes is
used as a unique identifier, also known as a composite
primary key.
 Surrogate key – An additional attribute is used in a table as a
primary key instead of a composite key.
 Foreign key – An attribute in a table that references a primary
key attribute in another table.
 Secondary key – A non-key attribute used in the search
operation.

 Describe different types of relationships with examples:
There are three types of relationships:
 One-to-one (1:1)
One-to-one relationship exists between two entity sets if an entity in the
first entity set has only one matching entity in the second entity set, and
vice versa. For example, a manager and a department.
 One-to-many (1:M)
One-to-many relationship exists between two entity sets if an entity in the
first entity set has only one matching entity in the second entity set, but an
entity in the second entity set has many matching entities in the first entity
set. For example, an employee and a department.
 Many-to-many ( M:M or M:N)
Many-to-many relationship exists between two entity sets if an entity in the
first entity set has many matching entities in the second entity set, and vice
versa. For example, a student and a course.

 Partial dependency
 Transitive dependency
 Normalization
 Data anomalies
 Cardinality

 Partial dependency – A non-key attribute in a table is dependent
on part of the composite key.
 Transitive dependency – A non-key attribute is dependent on
another non-key attribute.
 Normalization – A decomposition process to reduce data
dependencies and data anomalies.
 Data anomalies – A deletion anomaly that deletes information
about one entity while deleting information about another entity.
An insertion anomaly that does not allow insertion of an entity
unless information about another entity is known.
 Cardinality – The lower and upper limit information about a
relationship.

Determine the multiplicity for the following
relationships:
(a) Student and Course
(b) President and Country
(c) Staff and Dependent
(d) Order and Product
1:M
M:N
1:1
M:N

Practice: ER Diagram
Salam Sdn Bhd is a small company dealing
with industrial applications of computers.
The company delivers various products to
its customers ranging from a single
application program through to complete
installation of hardware with customized
software. The company employs several
staff. Some staff are employed on long-term
basis, and others are temporary staff.
Draw an Entity Relationship Diagram to model the above scenario

Info 2102 l1 database review

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Info 2102 l1 database review