information technology about hardware and software

Information Technology(IT)
First stage
Prepared By: solav wrya
Email:solavwrya.it@gmail.com

 Introduction To Information Technology
• Outline
• What is information
• What is data
• What is information technology
• Methods for conveying information
• Information Technology Categories
• IT Platform

• What is Information?
Information is any knowledge that comes to our attention. That could be voice, image, text and video
• What is data?
Data is information when dealing with the machine

• What is information technology?
Information Technologies are systems of hardware and/or software that capture, process, exchange, store
and/or present information using electrical, magnetic and/or electromagnetic energy.

• Methods for conveying information

Introduction To Information Technology
• Information Technology Categories
Hardware: the electronic and mechanical components you can see and touch
Software: the set of instructions that direct the hardware
Network technology: increases the power of IT by allowing the sharing of resource

• IT Platform

 Hardware & Software
• Outline
• Hardware & Software
• What is the personal computer
• Common handheld portable digital devices
• Known the main parts of a computer
• What is hardware
• Hardware Components
• What is software

 hardware
• All of the electronic and mechanical equipment in a computer is called the hardware. Examples include:
• Motherboard
• Hard disk
• RAM
• Power supply
• Processor
• Case
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse

 A personal computer
• A personal computer is also know as a pc it is an affordable stand alone computer designed for
bye one person at a time.
• Personal computer come in serval versions each versions is suitable for different users the main
versions are listed below

• Desktop PC
A pc that usually sits on or under a user’s desk and is not mobile it usually has sperate keyboard and
monitor it is larger than a laptop or tablet pc good for office based users

• Laptop PC
A portable (pc) that is smaller than a desktop but larger than a tablet pc it weight little and is easy
to carry around you can work with it on your lap good for users who travel frequently

• Tablet pc
A very small mobile notebook pc operated with a stylus or finger rather than keyboard and mouse
good for users who need a very lightweight small pc.

 Common handheld portable digital device
• Personal digital assistant
A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a hand held computer with some or all of the functionality of a
personal computer a PDA is generally operated using a stylus or finger but can also be attached to
external keyboards in education , PDAs are sometime used to give pupils portable individual
computing capability as they move around school and even to take home for homework purpose.

• Mobile phone
A mobile is a portable wireless phone which [picks up its signal from a network of sites around the
country mobile phones are usually powered by rechargeable batterie text messages and pictures.

• Smartphone
A smartphone is mobile phone with additional features the extra features can include such things as
pc functionality internet access multimedia capabilities.

• Multimedia players
can play text audio photos video and graphic in Variety of formats in education this can be an
extremely useful way of distributing learning witch can be accessed any time anywhere there is an
enormous variety of multimedia players available with different features and functionalities.

 Know the main parts of a computer
• Central processing unit (CPU)
The powerful microprocessor chip in your computer that handle the central management functions
of the computer it is able to do millions of calculations per second and controls the memory access
logic control and central processing of data in personal computer.

• Memory
A computer has temporary memory know as RAM and permanent memory know as ROM the different
type of memory are described

• Hard disk
The hard disk is the main data storage area inside the pc it can hold your software programs and the
files you create

• Common input and output devices
• Input and output device

 Software
• The term software is used to describe computer programs that perform a task or tasks
on a computer system. Software can be grouped as follows:
System software - Operating System etc.
Utility programs - Antivirus etc.
Applications Software - Word, SolidWorks etc.

 Software
• Identify and know the uses of some common software application
• Word processor
o Letter
o Long report
o Lesson plan

 Software
• Spreadsheet
o Collect data
o Chart information
o Compare exam result
• Database
o Records of pupils details
o Parent contact list
o Resource database

 Software
• Presentation
o Introduce an idea
o Present results of project
o Give details of a forthcoming
• Email
o Correspond with classmates
o Inter-teacher communication

 Software
• Web browsing
o Lesson plans and resource
o Homework
• photo editing
o School magazine
o Class projects
• Computer game
o Educational games to aid learning

 Software
• Web site design
o Online school prospectus
o Class website
o Special project web site
• Computer aided design
o Architecture design
o Design an object to be made in class
o Design the packaging of an object

 Software
• Application Software
Application software lets you accomplish specific tasks. Popular application software includes Microsoft Word,
Excel, Access, WordPerfect, Acrobat Reader, Internet Explorer, etc.
• Operating System Software
Operating system software controls the overall activity of a computer. Some examples of operating systems are
Windows, Unix Linux, DOS, etc.

 PC Components
• Computer system - collection of electronic and mechanical devices operating as a unit. The main
parts are:
1.System unit
2.Monitor
3.Keyboard
4.Mouse
5.Speakers
2
3 4
5
1

 System Unit
• The system unit is the main container for system devices. It protects the delicate electronic and
mechanical devices from damage. Typical system unit devices include:
• Motherboard
• CPU (Processor)
• Memory
• Disk drives
• Ports - USB etc.
• Power supply
• Expansion cards - sound card, network card, graphics card etc.

 Peripherals
• Peripherals are devices that connect to the system unit using cables or wireless technologies.
Typical peripherals include:
Monitor
Keyboard
Printer
Plotter
Scanner
Speakers
Plotter

 System Devices
• Processor(CPU) / central processing unit
An integrated circuit (IC) supplied on a single silicon chip. It’s function is to control all the
computers functions. The main processor manufacturers are:
AMD
Processor

 System Devices
• Computer program - a series of instructions. When a program is run, the processor carries out
these instructions in an orderly fashion. Typical instructions include:
• Arithmetic - addition, subtraction etc
• Logical - comparing data and acting according to the result
• Move - move data from place to place within the computer system - memory to the
processor for addition - memory to a printer or disk drive etc.

 System Devices
• Processor speed - measured in megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz) - the
speed of the system clock (clock speed) within the processor and it controls how
fast instructions are executed:
1 MHz - 1 million clock ticks every second
1 GHz - 1 billion clock ticks every second
• Latest trend - multi-core processors can have two, three or four processor
cores on a single chip.

 System Devices
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Primary storage - main computer memory. Data, programs currently in use are held in RAM
• Volatile - contents of memory are lost if the computer is turned off
IC’s
Memory
Module

 System Devices
• Memory is sold in modules:
 DIMM’s (dual inline memory module) for desktop computers
 SODIMM’s (small outline dual inline memory module) for notebook computers
DIMM
Module
SODIMM
Module

 System Devices
• Motherboard
Mainboard or system board - the main circuit board for the computer system. All device in the computer
system will either be part of the motherboard or connected to it.
Processor
Socket
Memory
Sockets
Ports
PCI Slots
Graphics Slot
Chipset

 System Devices
• Chipset - controls data flow around the computer. It consists of two chips:
• Northbridge - data flow between memory and processor - data flow between the
processor and the graphic's card
•
Southbridge - controls data flow to the devices - USB, IDE, SATA, LAN and Audio - controls
PCI slots and onboard graphics

 System Devices
• Buses - a path through which data can be sent to the different parts of the computer system.
Main buses:

 System Devices
• Power Supply
A computer power supply has a number of functions:
Converts Alternating current (AC) Direct current (DC)
Transforms mains voltage (240 Volts) to the voltages required by the computer. The main
voltages are:
12 volts for the disk drives as they have motors
3.3 and 5 volts for the circuit boards in the computer

 System Devices
• Ports
Computer ports are interfaces between peripheral devices and the computer. They are mainly found at
the back of the computer but are often also built into the front of the computer chassis for easy access.
Ports at the rear of the computer
Ports at the front of the computer

 System Devices
• Serial port - a 9-pin port. Often called Com ports - Com1, Com2 etc. Mice and external
modems were connected to these ports. They are turquoise in colour.
• Parallel port - a 25-pin port used to connect printers, scanners, external hard disks, zip drives
etc. to the computer. Burgundy in colour, they are often called LPT ports - LPT1, LPT2 etc

 System Devices
• Video port - used to connect a monitor to the computer system. There are two types:
• VGA port - This is a 15-pin port and is blue in colour. It is an analogue port and is being replaced
by the DVI port.
• DVI port - white in colour, it is a digital port. This means that no conversion is necessary between the
computer and the monitor and that means that images can be produced more quickly on the
monitor

 System Devices
• PS/2 port - used to connect keyboards and mice to the computer. The keyboard port is purple
and the mouse port is green
• Modem port - used to connect a modem to a telephone line. RJ11 is the technical term for the
port

 System Devices
• USB port - intended to replace Serial, Parallel and PS/2 ports with a single standard.
127 devices can be connected to a single USB port. Hot swappable - devices can be
connected and disconnected while the computer is on
• There are different USB standards in use:
USB 1 - original standard - transfer data of 1.5MBps.
USB 2 - current standard - transfer rate of 60MBps.
USB3 - future standard (2009) transfer rate of 600MBps

 System Devices
• FireWire port - (IEEE 1394) is an Apple technology There are two versions available and a third is
planned:
• FW 400 - transfer rate of 50MBps.
• FW 800 - transfer rate of 100MBps.
• FW S3200 - transfer rate of 400MBps.
• USB devices must be connected to a host computer while FireWire devices can be connected to each
other without using a computer.

 System Devices
• Ethernet port - used to connect to a network. Known as RJ45, it is larger than a modem port.
• Audio ports - used to input and output audio from the computer. Three mini jack ports but there may be
more:
• Light blue - Line in - connect external devices
• Lime - Connect the speakers to this port.
• Pink - Connect a microphone to this port.

 System Devices
• Graphics card

 System Devices
• Graphic card - screen images are made up of dots called pixels (picture elements). The graphics card must
process each of these pixels to create the image.
• The resolution of a screen is the number of pixels being displayed. Typical resolutions include:
800 x 600 - 480,000 pixels
1024 x 768 - 786,432 pixels
1280 x 1024: - 1,310,720 pixels
1600 x 1200: - 1,920,000 pixels

 System Devices
• There are two types of graphic card available:
• AGP (accelerated graphics port) - the older technology but still available. It can output in
analogue or digital or both.
• PCI-Express - the newer technology - faster than AGP. Allows for two graphics cards to
improve the performance - called Scalable Link Interface (SLI). PCI-Express can also output in
analogue or digital or both.
• These cards are mutually exclusive and the choice is made according to the graphics slot on the
motherboard.

 System Devices
• Sound card
1
2
3

 System Devices
• The main functions of a sound card are:
To use a DAC (digital to analogue converter) to prepare audio for speakers etc.
To use an ADC (analogue to digital converter) to convert the audio coming into the computer.
• A sound card can be connected to the following:
Analogue input devices - Microphone, Radio, Tape deck, Record player etc
Headphones and speakers
Output to tape etc.

 System Devices
• Network card
allows computers join a network. Can be wired or wireless. The standard used is called Ethernet -
covers wired and wireless networks.
• The wired standards include:
Fast Ethernet - transmission speed of 100Mbps.
Gigabyte Ethernet - transmission speed of 1000Mbps.
PCI PC card
USB

 System Devices
• The wireless standards include:
• The B standard - introduced in 1999, it has a transmission rate of 11Mbps and a range of 30
Metres.
• The G standard - introduced in 2003, it has a transmission rate of 54Mbps and a range of 30
Metres.
• The N standard - introduced in 2006, it has a transmission speed of 540Mbps and a range
of 50 metres.
PCI PC Card USB

 System Devices
• modem
• Internet access using a telephone line.
Converts the digital computer data to analogue (Modulation) before transmission over the telephone line
and converts the analogue data to digital (DEModulation) before transmission to the computer. The device
gets it’s name from these two terms.
The standard transmission speed of a modem is 56Kbps.
PCI USB

 System Devices
• Hard Disk
Primary storage (memory) - volatile - contents lost when power is turned off.
Secondary storage (disk drives) - non-volatile - can store files when power is turned off.
In memory, voltages are used to store data as binary 1’s and binary 0’s. It was decided to
mimic the situation for secondary storage using magnetism instead of electrical voltages to
represent the binary data.

 System Devices
• Optical drives
An Optical Drive refers to a computer system that allows users to use DVDs, CDs
and Blu-ray optical drives. The Drive contains some lenses that project
electromagnetic waves that are responsible for reading and writing data on
optical discs. Optical drives are integral parts of electronics devices such as VCD
players, CD players, Blu-ray players, DVD players, and certain video games
consoles such as Microsoft Xbox one, Sony PlayStation 2, 3&4 and Nintendo
Wii

 System Devices
• CD-R
Stands for "Compact Disc Recordable." CD-R discs are blank CDs that can record data written by a CD burner.
The word "recordable" is used because CD-Rs are often used to record audio, which can be played back by most
CD players. However, many other kinds of data can also be written to a CD-R, so the discs are also referred to as
"writable CDs."

 System Devices
• DVD’s hold a lot more data than CD’s. They can have several layers, each holding 4.7GB of data.
The possibilities are
• Dual layer disks have two reflective layers, one which can be penetrated at a certain intensity

 System Devices
• Card readers
Replaces floppy drives in new computers. They can read media cards from most digital cameras:
Microdrive:
Smart media:
SD memory card:
Memory stick/Duo/Pro:
xD picture card:
Card reader drive

 What is memory
• Memory
• RAM
• ROM
• cache memory
• Flash memory

 memory
Candidates should be able to:
• describe the difference between RAM and ROM
• explain the need for ROM in a computer system
• describe the purpose of RAM in a computer system
• explain how the amount of RAM in a personal computer affects the performance of the
computer
• explain the need for virtual memory
• describe cache memory
• describe flash memory
• discuss how changes in memory technologies are leading to innovative computer designs.

 What is memory?
• Memory is the term commonly used to refer to a computer system’s random access memory the
term memory has also been used to refer to all types of electronic data storage a computer
system memory is the crucial to it’s operation without memory a computer could not read
programs or retain data

 What is ROM and RAM?
• Random access memory (RAM)
This is electronic memory which temporarily store information I n side a computer RAM work like a blackboard
that is constantly over written with new data as an example if you ‘ve typed a letter but haven’t yet saved it what
you can see on the screen is held in the temporary RAM
the amount of RAM in your computer determine the number of program you can run at once and how fast your
program will operate any data stored in RAM is temporary if you do not save the data permanent memory such as
the hard disk it will disappear when you turn off the computer or lose power

 Read only memory (ROM)
This is type of memory the permanently stores information even when the power is turned off once data is
programmed in to ROM its contents cannot be easily altered for example ROM BIOS chips fitted to the computer’s
motherboard are used to store information for starting up your computer and preparing the computer to load the
operating system such as Microsoft windows ROM chips are also used to store programs for hand-held computer
Computer CDs and DVDs can also be form of ROM

 Storage
• The main type of storage media
• CD
• DVD
• USB flash
• Memory card
• Internal hard disk

 Storage
• CD
These are small fast and cheap removable disks with a memory of approximately 700mb these
interchangeable disks are capable of storing the equivalent of 450 floppy diskettes

 Storage
• DVD
These are removable disks like CDs but with a much larger capacity of approximately 4.7gb

 Storage
• USB flash drive
• This is very small inexpensive removable drive that plugs into USB port on a pc it can be
purchased in many size sizes from a few megabytes to many gigabytes.

 Storage
• Memory card
This is very small removable card for data storage over time memory cards have become smaller
and smaller with greater and greater storage capability of many gigabytes they are used in mobile
phone digital cameras as well as plugging in into appropriate slots in pcs some common types of
memory card are SD MMC compact flash an M2

 Internal hard disk
• A permanent data storage area that holds all the electronic information and software programs
on your computer it is the primary device that a computer uses to store information hard disks
capable of storing vast amount of data in multiply gigabytes hard disk speed vary the faster the
speed of your hard disk the faster it will store or retrieve data it is wise to defragment your hard
disk occasionally to enable it to easily locate and unite parts of files and therefore speed up work
on your computer additional hard disk memory makes an affordable way upgrading your
computer

 External hard disk
• This is hard disk you can remove from your computer and carry about external hard disk are
useful for backups and for transferring very large graphic and multimedia files from one location
to another

 Input / Output Devices
• What is input /output devices

 Input Devices
• An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions onto a computer.
Six Widely used input devices are the
• keyboard
• mouse
• microphone
• scanner
• digital camera and PC video camera.

 Input Devices
• keyboard
Familiarise yourself with the position of the different keys the more you use the keyboard the quicker your
typing will become wireless keyboard and mice are available these have sensor attached to a port on the
computer to pick up the action of the keyboard and mouse this enable the input device to be located a
convenient place without the restriction of a wire

 Input Devices
• mouse
This response to hand movement and is used to move the pointer round the screen its button are
used to select and active menus button and programs the trackball and touchpad are similar device
commonly used with laptop computer or special keyboard

 Input Devices
• microphone
A microphone can provide a way to talk through or to the computer.
• Scanner
A device that optically scans picture or text document into your computer it you can special
software optical character recognition to convert scanned text into a normal text file which can be
edited and saved as a regular computer document

 Input Devices
• Digital Cameras
These take digital pictures image which are store in binary form usually on a memory card within the camera
the image can be downloaded to a pc via for example ,USB or firewire port or the memory card from the
camera can be inserted into the card slot of a pc these picture can then be store on the pc

 Output Devices
• An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
Three commonly used output devices are a
• printer
• monitor
• speakers

 Output Devices
• Printer
 A device that makes a printed copy of your work on a sheet of paper.
 Produces hard copy output
 Ink-jet printer
Sprays droplets of ink
 Laser printer
Laser produced images
 Thermal printer
Heated element produce image on heat sensitive paper

 Output Devices
• Monitor
• This is the TV-type screen on which you see the work you’re doing on your computer.
 Most frequently used output device
 Size is measured by diagonal of screen
Common sizes: 15, 17, 19, 21 inches
 Clarity is indicated by resolution
Measured in pixels
More pixels = better clarity

 Output Devices
• speakers
Sometimes speakers are connected to the computer so that you can hear music and sound.
• Headphone
Enable users to have personal audio without the sound being audible to other in the vicinity.

 Input and output
• Some device are both input and output devices
• Touch screen
A type of monitor or display with a touch-sensitive membrane over the screen it is an input/output
device that enable the user to send commands to the computer by directly touching the screen.
• Speech recognition program
Computer software that understands your voice so you don’t have to type you can use speech
recognition to dictate text for a document or to give commands to your computer speech
recognition is extremely useful for people who are unable to type

 How computer work
• A computer collects, processes, stores, and outputs information.
• Input Devices
 An input device lets you communicate with a computer. You can use input devices to enter information
and issue commands. A keyboard, mouse and joystick are input devices.

• Processing
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the main chip in a computer. The CPU processes instructions,
performs calculations and manages the flow of information through a compute r system. The CPU
communicates with input, output, and storage devices to perform tasks.
• Storage Devices
 A storage device holds information. The compute r uses information stored on these devices to
perform tasks. The hard drive, the tape drive, the floppy disk, and the CD-ROM drive are storage
devices.

• Output Devices
 An output device lets a computer communicate with you. These devices display
information on a screen, create printed copies or generate sound. Monitor, printers, and
speakers are output devices.

 Network type
• What is network?
• Network type
 Local area network
 Wireless local area network
 Wide area network
• What is client/server

 What is network
• A network refers to two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data, a printer, an
Internet connection, applications, or a combination of these resources.

 Type of network
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)
• Contains printers, servers and computers
• Systems are close to each other
• Contained in one office or building
• Organizations often have several LANS.

 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Two or more LANs connected –
• Over a large geographic area –
• Typically use public or leased lines
Phone lines
Satellite
• The Internet is a WAN 12 communication satellite 13 Hybrid

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Large network that connects different organizations
• Shares regional resources
• A network provider sells time

 client/server model
• Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier in the world of computing called the
client/server model
Figure 15.1 Client/Server interaction

 Electronic world
• Internet services for computer
E-commerce
E-banking
E-government
E-learning

 E-commerce
• Online business to business transactions
• Online business to consumer transactions
• Digital delivery of products and services
• Online merchandising
• Automated telephone transactions eg phone banking
• EFTPOS and other automated transfer systems

 E-banking
• Logical answer is to use e-channels:
• Internet
• WAP based mobile network
• Automated telephone
• ATM network
• SMS and FAX messaging
• Multipurpose information kiosks
• Web TV and others …
• E-channels enable financial transactions from anywhere and allow non-stop working time.

 E-banking
• E-Bank E-Bank is transforming banking business
into e-Business through utilizing e-Channels
• Customers’ requests are:
 Non-stop working time
 Using services from anywhere
• E-channels provide:
 Working time 0 - 24h
 Great flexibility
• is transforming banking business
• E-Bank is transforming banking business
• E-Bank is transforming banking business

 E-government
• E-government refers to the use of Information Technologies such as the Internet to provide services,
information, and knowledge in an efficient, cost-effective manner.
• It allows for closer ties between the citizenry and the public sector.

 Why is e-Government Important?
• e-government represents an opportunity to make a major contribution to economic development
by assisting businesses to reduce their operating cost in dealing with government and have
immediate access to government information. Similarly, the provision of e-services to citizens
represents an opportunity to reduce the complexity of dealing with government administration
and of bringing citizens and government closer together, thereby making government more
transparent and accessible."
• Government of Jordan

 E-learning
• The use of Internet technologies to deliver a broad array of solutions that enhance knowledge
and performance
• E-learning is Internet-enabled learning

 E-learning
• Internet has started reshaping education.
• Education will not be the same in the next decade
• There is no going back. The traditional classroom
• has to be transformed

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