Inner transition series element
- 1. Chapter 2 Inner Transition Elements (f- Block Element )
- 3. Figure 23.1 The transition elements (d block) and inner transition elements (f block) in the periodic table.
- 4. Properties of the Transition Metals All transition metals are metals, whereas main-group elements in each period change from metal to nonmetal. Many transition metal compounds are colored and paramagnetic, whereas most main-group ionic compounds are colorless and diamagnetic. The properties of transition metal compounds are related to the electron configuration of the metal ion.
- 14. Color of Salts
- 20. Actinides Actinides (5f- Block elements) Definition: The elements in which the extra electron enters 5f- orbitals of (n-2)th main shall are known as 5f-block elements, actinides or actinones. Thus, according to the definition of actinides only thirteen elements from Th90 (5f0 6d2 7s2 ) to No102 (5f14 6d0 7s2 ) should be the members of actinide series. However, all the fifteen elements from Ac89 (5f0 6d1 7s2 ) to Lw103 (5f14 6d1 7s2 ) are considered as the members of actinide series, since all these fifteen elements have same physical and chemical properties. In fact actinium is prototype of actinides as lanthanum is the prototype of lanthanides. General electronic configuration of actinides is 2,8,18, 32, 5s2 , p6 d 10 f 0-14, 6s2 p 6 d 0-2 , 7s2
- 22. +2 oxidation state: Only Am (Americium) is known to form a stable +2 state. This state is stable in CaF2 only and has been studied by optical and electron spin resonance spectra.+3 oxidation state: +3 state is a general oxidation state for most of the actinides. For Th and Pa +4 and +5 state respectively are important. +4 oxidation State:- Principal oxidation state for Th Very important stable state for Pu, U, Pu Am, Cm, Bk ,& Cf are increasingly easily reduced- only stable is certain complexes, e.g Bk +4 is more oxidizing than Ce+4 MCl4 only known for Th,Pa,U,Np +5 Oxidation state Principal state for Pa, U,Np, Pu, and Am e.g Fluoride PaF5, NpF5 UF5 +6 Oxidation state Its important for Pa, Np, Pu, and Am element Few other component e.g AnF6 (An= U ,Np, Pu) UCl6 UFO4 +7 Oxidation state Only the marginally stable oxo-anions of Np and Pu e,g AnO3)
- 27. B- General Principal of Metallurgy The increasing use of metals in day to day life increases the interest of man in their properties and thesources from which they could be recovered. This gave birth to a new branch in chemistry called metallurgy. 1. Metallurgy: The science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores, purifying and alloying metals and creating useful objects from metals is called metallurgy. 2. Minerals: Natural materials found inside the earth containing metals in their combined states (as a single compound or as a mixture of compounds) mixed with non-metallic impurities of Earthand rock are termed minerals. i.e. Cu minerals are oxide ores – Cu2O, CuCOz. Cu(OH)2, Sulphide minerals are Cu S. CuFeS2 etc. 3. Ores: The rocky materials which contain sufficient quantity of mineral so that the metal can be extracted profitably or economically are known as ores. All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores. i.e. a. Fe - Fe2O3.3H2O , Haematite.b. AI – Al2O.3H2O Bauxite. 4. Gangue or Matrix: The ores usually contains a large number of impurities like earth matters ,rock stones, sand, lime stones, mica and other silicates. The seimpurities are known as gangue or matrix.
- 28. Steps in metallurgy Metallurgy involves the various steps in the extraction of pure metals from their ores are broadly classified as follows- 1. Crushing and pulverization of the ore. 2. Dressing or concentration of the ore. 3. Calcination 4. Roasting. 5. Smelting. 6. Refining
- 29. 1.Crushing and pulverization of the ore These ores occur in nature as huge lumps as a big pieces. They are broken to small pieces with the help of crushers or grinders. These pieces are then reduced to fine powder with the help of a ball mill or stamp mill. This process is called pulverization. Depending upon the nature of the ore, one or more of the following steps are taken to concentrate theore. These are mostly physical method.
- 33. https://youtu.be/8oTdCGj334U Magnetic separation method Animation https://youtu.be/XVjeWQqruVM Leaching Process Animation https://youtu.be/LLV_DJdeQlI Calcination Process https://youtu.be/clIvCiCifxs Roasting Process https://youtu.be/WyPZK0HGG98 Smelting https://youtu.be/pMEiyKZ4H4g Electrolytic refining process animation
- 34. Pyrometallurgy The terms Pyrometallurgy is related to metallurgical process, involving the use of heat for the treatment at high temperature, includes smelting and roasting. It involves heat in gin a blast furnace at temperatures above 1500°C to convert waste to a form that can be refined. The oxide waste is heated with are ducing agent, such as carbon in the form of coke or coal; the oxygen of the metal combines with the carbon and is removed in carbon dioxide gas. The waste material in e-waste(non-metallic parts) is called gangue; it is removed by means of a substance called a flux which, when heated, combines with it to form a molten mass called slag. Being lighter than the metal, the slag floats on it and can be skimmed or drawn off. Pyrometallurgy the basic operation is the direct introduction of e-waste into a furnace mixed with are ducer and smelting agent. This operation is accompanied with strong gas emissions including:-CO2 -CO coming from oxidation of carbon used as the reducer dust of scrap metals and other components, greenhouse effect gases like SO2, Cl2, HCl and NOX, Organic volatile compounds. In pyrometallurgy, almost allwaste content is burnt to ashes or carbon and leaving behind also a mixture of heavy metals. Useful materials such as plastics, which might otherwise be further recycled into re-engineering plastic are also being burnt (this is in the event that feed materials did not go through initial mechanical separation stage).Other lesser important content such as paper, ceramics, glass and fibers which could also be reused as filler or flux in certain products are also non- recoverable.
- 35. Hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy, sometimes called leaching, involves the selective dissolution of metals from their waste. It involves the use of aqueous chemicals and much lower temperatures to separate metal. Metal is recovered by electrolysis of the solution. If metal obtained from waste still contains impurities, special refining processes are required. Hydrometallurgy generates some hazardous gases such as chlorine, noxiou sand hydrogen cyanide gases which is possible to be treated by a simple 1-3 stage scrubber system with a chemical scrubbing solution. In contrast to a furnace process, chemical process also generates waste water.No gases can escape and solvents are fully trapped at room temperature, where it is not in position toproduce dioxins or other greenhouse effects.Hydrometallurgy is more environmentally friendly also as sulphur is presented as a stable sulphate orelemental sulphur rather than sulphur dioxide emissions. By using hydrometallurgy, almost all waste components (not only heavy metals) could be segregated and recovered for further recycling or re-use Leaching processes produce residues, while effluent treatment results in sludges which can be sent formetals recovery. Hydrometallurgy leads to a higher recovery rate due to relative ease in leaching of product and the possibility of cascading - re-circulating solid waste to the next step and achieving a high recovery rate with chemical precipitation of electro-winning.mofining that involves the use of water & aqueous