Inside the-cave

INSIDE THE CAVE

An In-Depth Look at the Digital, Technology, and
Analytics Operations of Obama for America

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INSIDE THE CAVE: Obama’s Digital Campaign

T

THE CAVE
“The Cave” in Obama for America’s Chicago headquarters housed the campaign’s Analytics team.
Behind closed doors, more than 50 data analysts used Big Data to predict the individual behavior of
tens of millions of American voters.

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“The core of the campaign was not
flashy or even particularly
innovative except in the willingness
of senior staff to listen to numbers
people rather than consultants
acting on old-fashioned political
intuition.”

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The Organization
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Obama 2012 didn't have the magic of
hope and change. What it did have
was a relentless focus on operational
excellence and massive scale.

4X

Despite being evenly matched
financially, Obama for America
conceived of and built an operation 4
times the size of its competition.
Future national campaigns will have
to grapple with how they build this
massive an organization.

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Operational Footprint: Obama vs. Romney

Employees
on LinkedIn

1,979

369

Donors

4.4M

1.1M

E-mail List

16M

2-3M

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On Election Day, Obama for America had 4,000
employees - 2,700 of them field staffers.
They managed over 8,000 Neighborhood Team
Leaders and 32,000 highly trained volunteers,
known as Core Team Members.

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The Digital and Technology Org Chart

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Most campaigns talk about giving the Internet a seat at the
senior staff table.
Obama for America had two.
Digital, headed by Teddy Goff and Joe Rospars, focused on the
public facing elements of the campaign: Fundraising, e-mail,
social.
Technology & Analytics were separate departments reporting
to Chief Innovation and Integration Officer Michael Slaby. They
focused on making the campaign itself more efficient.

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Staff Breakdown

Digital

Technology

Analytics

(Director: Teddy Goff)

(CTO: Harper Reed)

(Director: Dan Wagner)

200

50

50

The campaign’s data & technology operations made
up an estimated 30-40% of headquarters staff
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Digital 2008 : Analytics 2012
Digital Staff

Analytics Staff

200

50

150

38

100

25

50

13

0

0
2008

2012

Obama

GOP

?
2012

Obama

2016

GOP

The Lesson: Don't fight the last war. In 2016, the game will be different (total digital
integration throughout the campaign?). GOP needs to catch up AND get ahead of where
campaigns are going next like OFA did with Analytics in 2012.
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OFA didn’t hire your typical
political staffer.
They went directly to Silicon Valley and to data
analysts in the Fortune 500 and academia. One
used to work at Pixar. Another was a high-energy
particle physicist.

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Obama's Best and Brightest
Harper Reed

Rayid Ghani

Chief Technology Officer

Chief Scientist

Previously: CTO, Threadless

Previously: Director of Analytics
Research, Accenture

Carol Davidsen

Michelangelo D'Agostino

Director of Integration and Media
Targeting

Senior Data Analyst

Previously: Navic Networks, a TV
startup acquired by Microsoft

Previously: High-energy particle
physicist, Argonne National Lab

Mark Trammell

Kevin Der

"Undersecretary for Internet
Wildlife Preservation and
Regulation"

Software Engineer (Technology)
Previously: Quora; Sr. Tech. Dir.,
Pixar Animation Studios

Previously: Design, Twitter

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How Were They Recruited?

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In June 2011, the campaign pored through their donor rolls,
looking for people who listed occupations in technology, data, or
design.

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Then, they sent them this e-mail:

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"You're one of very few people receiving this email because, based on what
you've told the Obama organization in the past. We think you might know
someone who should quit his or her job and come work on the Obama
campaign's digital team for the next 18 months."
"It won't pay very well. The hours are terrible .... Most people who come to
work here will take a pay cut."

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•
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One recipient was Carol Davidsen, who would go on to manage
the Narwhal and TV Optimizer projects for the campaign.
Source: “How Analytics Made Obama’s Campaign Communications More Efficient”, TechPresident

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Obama's Technology Machine: Consultants
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Blue State Digital

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Lead digital agency for Obama in 2008 and 2012

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In 2008, they led most software development. In 2012, they focused mostly on online

Co-founded by Joe Rospars, New Media Director in '08 and Chief Digital Strategist in
2012

fundraising and e-mail when most development was moved in-house.

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NGP VAN

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Formed by a merger of two firms

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•

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NGP - Leading Democratic fundraising database
VAN (Voter Activation Network): Built VoteBuilder, the official voter file software of the Democratic Party

Catalist

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As a private firm, it allows Democratic campaigns and left-leaning outside groups to share
data in accordance with campaign finance laws.
Provides analytics, modeling, and microtargeting on the voter file.

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Obama's Technology Machine: Institutions

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New Organizing Institute

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Trains thousands of progressive operatives on field organizing, new
media, and data management.
Job placement for Democratic campaigns and left-leaning groups
Hosts national and state RootsCamp unconferences; this year, the
national RootsCamp was attended by over 2,000 people -- more than
half of them former Obama staff

Analyst Institute

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Founded in 2007, it works with progressive organizations to conduct
randomized experiments to determine the most effective methods to
contact voters
Embedded within the Obama campaign in 2012
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Analytics
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"We were going to put an analytics team inside
of us to study us the entire time to make sure we
were being smart about things."
- Jim Messina, Campaign Manager

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And no, it's not just Google Analytics.
Obama for America used Analytics to improve
every aspect of the campaign, with teams looking
at Battleground States, Web, Email, Field, and
Communications.
Analytics encompassed everything from predicting
the results of the election to optimizing the
performance of landing pages.
Analytics was the breakout star of 2012. It saw a 5x
bump in staffing and resources over 2008.
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Battleground States Analytics

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Using dynamic models powered by voter contact data, the
Analytics team ran 66,000 simulations each night to
project who was winning every battleground state.

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•

They used this data to allocate resources in real-time.

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The final simulations were accurate to within 0.2% in Ohio
and 0.4% in Florida, but were 1% too cautious in Colorado.

In Ohio, OFA had ballot test data on 29,000 voters, more
than 1% of the electorate, allowing for deep demographic
analysis.

Sources: "How Obama's data crunchers helped him win" TIME; "Messina: Obama Won On The Small Stuff" Buzzfeed

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How They Measured the Electorate
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Battleground States Survey

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•

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Initially once every three weeks; 2 per week in final 2 months
Used to measure broad public opinion, not individual states; no national polling done

State Tracking Polls

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Single poll taken across battlegrounds: CO, FL, IA, MI, NV, NH, NC, OH, PA, VA, WI

Three-day rolling sample in each state
500-900 voters

Analytics

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Run by Analytics Department
Live callers, large sample sizes, short questionnaire
8,000 - 9,000 calls per night
Source: "Obama Campaign Polls: How The Internal Data Got It Right" Huffington Post

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"The call centers that completed these analytics
surveys typically specialize in "voter identification,"
the process of contacting most or all individual voters
in a state to identify supporters who can then be
targeted in subsequent "get out the vote" efforts. But
the Obama campaign's approach to voter targeting
was different. It called very large random samples of
voters to develop statistical models that generated
scores applied to all voters, which were then used for
get-out-the-vote and persuasion targeting."
- Mark Blumenthal, Huffington Post

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How It Worked: Hamilton County, OH Early Vote

57.68%

57.16%

Model Prediction

Actual Results

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In late October, Hamilton County releases the names of 103,508 people who have
voted early.

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Armed with Obama support scores for every voter in Ohio, Analytics director Dan
Wagner matches these voters to the model.

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58,379 of them have Obama support scores of 50.1 or more, for a projected raw vote
lead of 13,249 in the county.
Source: "How Obama Wrangled Data to Win His Second Term" MIT Technology Review

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Dynamic Modeling
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In contrast to early “microtargeting” methods, which uses a single survey
with multiple variables to build voter models with support scores for
individuals, Obama’s support models were dynamic. This meant they
could change to reflect shifts in public opinion.

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A Romney surge like that after the first debate, would be reflected in the
support scores of individual voters once new data was fed into the model.

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The process works like this: The campaign calls voters asking whom they
support. They then compare their initial support score for that group of
voters with what they actually say they’re voting for. If people with Obama
support scores of 55 start supporting Romney more than 45% of the time,
the race has shifted and the support scores are adjusted.

•

Obama for America also had a “persuadability” score that modeled how
susceptible an individual was to changing their mind based on campaign
appeals.

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Modeling vs. Polling

• With cell phone-only households approaching a
third of the electorate, traditional polling began
to show cracks.

•
•

Final RCP Average: Obama +0.7%
Actual Result: Obama +3.7%

• OFA's modeled results were much less volatile
than public polling, and never showed Obama
falling behind Romney nationally (though it was
very close after the first debate)
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Try This at Home!

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R is a free, open source statistical software package that
was used for analytics projects throughout the campaign.

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Download it: http://www.r-project.org/
Coursera class: https://www.coursera.org/course/compdata

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Social Analytics

Social Analytics presentation delivered by Michelangelo
D'Agostino at Rootscamp. (He's the particle physicist.)

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Social Analytics

• The Obama campaign scored 50,000 Twitter
accounts by political affiliation.

• Mention volume wasn't a reliable metric since
most tweets about Obama came from
conservatives criticizing him.

• OFA used Twitter influence (looking at number
of tweets & followers) to target direct messages
asking people to get involved.

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Communications Analytics
"For example, he explained, Matthew Rattigan, an
analyst on the team, built a tool for looking at the
coverage of speeches in local newspapers so it
could break down by geographic region how
people reacted and which parts were quoted most.
Speechwriters were therefore able to see how the
messages they wanted to convey were actually the
ones that were covered."
- "How Obama's data scientists built a volunteer army on Facebook",
GigaOm

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Online Fundraising
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The Results: 2008 vs. 2012

2008

2012

Total Raised Online

$500M

$690M

Donors

3.95M

4.4M

$126

$156

Average Per Donor

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Hey
(The most successful subject line of the campaign, based on e-mail opens.)

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Heading into 2012, the Obama campaign
faced a fundamental challenge.
Obama '08 had raised more more money than any campaign in history on
the back of the Internet. $500 million, or two-thirds of the total money
raised, came in online.
In 2012, OFA was universally expected to become the first billion-dollar
campaign. But there was a problem.
Incumbents typically raise more money, but not online. Ensconced in the
White House, they lack the grassroots "oomph" of come-from-behind
campaigns like Obama '08.
If they didn't beat their 2008 numbers, OFA would never come close to
the billion-dollar goal.

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Through late June, it wasn't going well. Their
numbers were lagging behind. And then...

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Driven by Romney's newfound fundraising advantage,
the campaign's "I will be outspent" email raised

$2,673,278.
This was the strongest of 13 test emails that day. If they
had gone with the lowest performing, they would have
raised $2.2 million less.

Source: “The Science Behind Those Obama Campaign E-Mails”, Bloomberg BusinessWeek.

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TEST.
TEST.
TEST.
Source: “The Science Behind Those
Obama Campaign E-Mails,”
Bloomberg Businessweek

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Here's how OFA turned around initially weak
fundraising and raised $1 billion.
1. Send A LOT more email than 2008 (At least
404 national fundraising e-mails in 2012)
2. Test everything.
3. Make people think they were going to lose.

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How They Did It
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10,000 segments tested during the campaign
Email Team with 18 staff
Regularly tested as many as 18 variations on subject line and email copy

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Tip: Avoid “Frankenstein” emails that mix and match best subject with best copy
without testing the combination first

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Could see up to an 80% difference between versions

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Could test with segments as small as 18,000 people

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Developed a “special sauce” for asking the optimal amount from
previous donors

They tested sending less email. It got “mixed results.”
AND... little to no interference from campaign management on content
(!!!)
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“We basically found our guts were worthless."
- Senior member of Obama's campaign email team in a session at
RootsCamp 2012, on the fact that no member of their team could reliably
predict which email would perform best.

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Sometimes, ugly stuff won.
Like emails with yellow highlighting.
(Though increased performance from these
tactics would sometimes wear off, reinforcing the
need to constantly re-test.)

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Quick Donate: What Was It?

• A wallet app that stored
donor credit card info on
BarackObama.com

• Could donate with one click,
or over mobile - just like
Amazon

• Problem it solved: 25% of
traffic came from mobile,
but almost no donations
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Quick Donate: What Was It?

• More than 1.5 million users
• Raised $115 million - $75 million
of which would not have been
raised without the program

• Donors gave 4 times as often
• And gave 3 times as much
money

Source: "Corporations Want Obama's Winning Formula,"
Bloomberg Businessweek

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Quick Donate: The Upsell with Every Donation

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2012: The Dawn of “Drunk Donating”

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Online Donation Infrastructure

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In-house system raised $250 million from 4,276,463
donations

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81,548,259 pageviews from 17,807,917 unique visitors

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4,000 lines of JavaScript
23% of traffic is from mobile (including tablet)
6 frontend engineers focused on fundraising
Highest surge: $3 million per hour (during the debates)
Shifted from a BSD-hosted system early in the campaign to
one powered by BSD API's with backup payment
processors
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Source: KyleRush.net

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A/B Testing Donation Pages

• The campaign conducted 240 A/B tests on their
donation page.

• This resulted in a 49% increase in their
conversion rate.

• By making the platform 60% faster, they saw a
14% increase in donations. (Speed matters.)

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Source: KyleRush.net

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In June 2012, the campaign switched to the 4 step donation
process and saw a 5% increase in conversions (donations).

“Turns out you can get more users
to the top of the mountain if you
show them a gradual incline instead
of a steep slope.”
- Kyle Rush, Deputy Director of Frontend Web Development

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Technology
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“Welcome to the team. Don’t fuck it up.”
– Obama Campaign Manager Jim Messina to Harper Reed upon
being hired as Chief Technology Officer
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Meet Harper Reed
"He may be like you, but he also juggles better than
you, and is wilder than you, more fun than you, cooler
than you. He's what a king of the nerds really looks
like. Sure, he might grow a beard and put on a little
potbelly, but he wouldn't tuck in his T-shirt. He is not
that kind of nerd. Instead, he's got plugs in his ears
and a shock of gloriously product-mussed hair and
hipster glasses and he doesn't own a long-sleeve
dress shirt, in case you were wondering."
- Alexis Madrigal, "When the Nerds Go Marching In", The Atlantic

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The Campaign as a Startup

• Heavily reliant on BSD tools in 2008, the first
campaign hired just 4 in-house developers. This
grew to 40 engineers for the re-elect in 2012.

• Previously the CTO at Threadless, Reed
recruited heavily from his personal network at
startups.

• The team included veterans of Google,
Facebook, Twitter, and Quora.

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Tools Built by the Technology Division

• Narwhal: Synchronized data from multiple

sources to build complete profiles of supporters

• Dashboard: Enabled supporters to connect with
supporters near them and take action from home

• Call Tool: Allowed supporters in non-

battleground states to use their home phones to
call voters in battleground states

• Stork: Transferred data from vendors to
databases for querying
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Culture Clash: Tech vs. Politics
An in-house tech team to build tools from scratch meant the tools wouldn't be
ready on day one, as they were with My.BarackObama.com in 2008. Field was
frustrated early on, and Field Director Jeremy Bird was later open about the
fact that they didn't get technology tools to volunteers early enough.

"You very much have to understand the campaign's hiring
strategy: 'We'll hire these product managers who have
campaign experience, then hire engineers who have technical
experience--and these two worlds will magically come
together.' That failed. Those two groups of people couldn't
talk to each other."
- Carol Davidsen, quoted in "When the Nerds Go Marching In", The Atlantic

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Culture Clash: Tech vs. Politics

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The problem, according to Reed: In the field, paper scales
infinitely, and sometimes a clipboard works best.

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Could the campaign automate data entry for the field staffers
staying up until 3 a.m. keying in data? In some cases, they didn't.

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Technology did not make the difference between victory and
defeat, but it did make the rest of the campaign more efficient,
ensuring they could contact the right people.

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It was only in the spring of 2012, a year after the campaign
started, there was a sense that the tools Reed and his team built
were finally starting to work.

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Lesson: Future campaigns may need LONGER than the 18 months Obama
had to develop their technology stack.

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DevOps: Keeping BarackObama.com Up
"DevOps (a portmanteau of development and
operations) is a software development method that
stresses communication, collaboration and integration
between software developers and information
technology (IT) professionals. DevOps is a response
to the interdependence of software development and
IT operations. It aims to help an organization rapidly
produce software products and services."
- DevOps on Wikipedia

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DevOps

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Answered the challenge of keeping BarackObama.com up
and running throughout the campaign during major traffic
surges

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An hour of downtime could mean millions in lost
donations. The campaign's peak was $3 million in one hour

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On October 21, the team conducted a drill known as
"Game Day" that helped them address several worst case
scenarios. The following week, Hurricane Sandy made
landfall in the US and caused critical infrastructure to go
offline, but because they had prepared for the worst, the
team was able to keep the site up.

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DevOps: Obama vs. Romney Web Trafﬁc

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“Game Days” were disaster preparedness exercises where
DevOps simulated nightmare scenarios, such as a
catastrophic database failure or Amazon’s East Coast data
center going offline.
It’s not enough to have it in a manual. The lesson of
DevOps is that you actually have to practice and practice
disaster recovery scenarios until you have them down cold.

“We knew what to do. We had a runbook that said if this
happens, you do this, this, and this.”
- Harper Reed, CTO

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DevOps: What It Took

(VanDenPlas led the DevOps team.)

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DevOps: What It Took

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Both the Obama and Romney campaigns used
Amazon Web Services for hosting and Akamai for
serving static cached content, reducing database load

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Amazon Web Services

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Several large database clusters
S3 for file storage

Akamai

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Several thousand EC2 instances

Offloaded 98% of web traffic for BarackObama.com

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DevOps vs. Orca
DevOps
• Rapid iteration
• Minimal barriers
between developers
and operations staff
• Heavy use of cloud
technology
• Constant testing to
handle outages and
heavy loads
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• Orca
• “Traditional corporate IT
project gone bad” - Ars
Technica
• No "game day"-style
testing
• Launched on Election Day
with no real user testing
• Could not add capacity

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Dashboard

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Dashboard was the campaign's grassroots organizing
platform. Unlike 2008, it mapped directly to how the
campaign was structured in the Field

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Anyone who signed up for Dashboard was reached out to
within 72 hours by field staff. After 72 hours, the likelihood
that they would take action would drastically diminish

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Each of approximately 8,000 neighborhood teams had a
presence on Dashboard

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Incorporated online data and offline, "hard" numbers from
VAN

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Dashboard was the frontend for Narwhal

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18%
phone completion

25%
door completion

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Digital Field: Centralized vs. Bottom-Up?

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The Dashboard project was undertaken in part to head off a
problem the campaign faced in 2008: MyBO (the campaign’s
online organizing platform) did not serve the needs of field
staffers. So, many went off and developed their own homebrew
systems using Google Docs and custom tools.

•

Though Dashboard was more campaign-centric than MyBO,
reports suggest many field staffers continued to rely on their
own tools in 2012.

•

At RootsCamp, Field Director Jeremy Bird lamented the lack of
full integration between technology and Field - even in a techsavvy campaign. “We never got to a point where a field staffer
thought it made more sense to text someone than to call
them,” he said.

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“When I was in Colorado for the last weeks of GOTV it was stark
what a disconnect there seemed to be between the tech team
and the people who were using the tools. Centralizing the
software development in HQ in part to avoid creation of rogue
tools in the states, which is completely understandable, might
have killed an important ecosystem for bubbling up innovation.
You certainly can’t run a campaign where each state has their
own show technologically, but there’s got to be a way to
distribute authority at least a little bit down the chain.”
- Catherine Bracy, community outreach lead for OFA’s
Technology Field Office

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Frontend

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Frontend: Specs

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Responsive design over mobile

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A single version of the website built to seamlessly display on desktops, tablets,
and mobile devices

CMS: Expression Engine
Frameworks: Django, Flask, Rails
eCommerce: Magento
Most used language: Python
Jekyll used generate static copies of the site
CSS/JS: jQuery, Modernizr, Mustache.js, Fitvids.js, LESS CSS
VCS: Git; all code ran through Github
Source: "Chatting with Obama For America's Director of Frontend Development, Daniel Ryan", NetTuts+

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Frontend: Responsive Design

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Frontend: How OFA Pushed Code
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branch locally

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the DevOps team used Puppet and Gippetto to create apk distros for the Linux boxes

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set a Git tag on the repo once the code was ready for review and testing
deploy the tag to staging servers
code review and QA
once the code was production ready, set up a pull request to the master branch
pull requests were reviewed by lead developers or senior developers; static assets
were deployed to S3, while server-side code required a deploy request to our DevOps
team

small code changes would get deployed on the fly; large ones would get built out
under new server clusters, tested internally and then swapped in place of the old
version
- "Chatting with Obama For America's Director of Frontend Development, Daniel
Ryan", NetTuts+

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Technology Field Ofﬁce

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The Obama campaign set up a Technology Field Office
in San Francisco in February 2012

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The effort recruited more than 100 volunteers by
October.

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50% of volunteers recruited did work, and 50% of those
were solid, reliable contributors. Another dozen or so
were rock stars.

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Tech volunteers developed apps including TripPlanner,
eCards, and MapMaker.

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Source: "My Experience Leading the Obama Campaign's Tech Field Office,"
Braceland

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Social
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Social: By the Numbers

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1.2M active Facebook app users

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34M+ fans on Facebook

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The key was using a single app throughout the campaign,
allowing them to build up a massive install base and add
features down the road

98% of the U.S. Facebook population was friends with
someone who liked Barack Obama

24M+ followers on Twitter
30-40 tweets from @BarackObama daily
The social team was comparably lean: 4 people
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The Facebook Megaphone: 34 Million

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The Most Tweeted Photo Ever

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Online Ads
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Online Ads: Spending

• Obama for America (with the DNC) became the
first political campaign in history to spend more
than $100 million on online advertising

• Digital's share of the media budget: 21%
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•

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$411.2 million to GMMB for TV ads
$109 million for digital ads: $106.5 million to Bully
Pulpit Interactive & $2.5M to AOL Advertising

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Online Ads: Site Takeovers in Swing States

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Online Ads: Direct Response

• Ads with Michelle
Obama performed best

• Got more money by
asking people to sign
up first, then
immediately skipping
those people to a
donation page vs.
landing on donation
page
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Online Ads: Mobile

• Spent "millions" on mobile ads
• Targeted specific neighborhoods in
battleground

• Mobile video ads saw 3% to 19.5% click-throughrates

• Targeted to young, female, and Hispanic voters
•

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Source: "Here's One Advertiser Who Swears Mobile Ads Work: Obama"
AdWeek

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Voter Contact
Redefined
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Traditional forms of voter contact
are starting to become obsolete.
From 2008 to 2012, the Obama organization's completion rates
on phones dropped from 23% to 16%. And just buying broadcast
in a fragmented media environment where the choices include
VOD, Netflix and YouTube... well, it just doesn’t work anymore.
Will landline phones even be around in a few cycles? And what’s
going to happen to the U.S. Postal Service?
You might even say that traditional campaign methods are about
to fall off a cliff.

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Facing the Cliff, How Did OFA Innovate?
Old

Broadcast

TV

New

Optimizer
(behaviorally targeted TV buys)

GOTV

Phones

Facebook

Opinion Research

Polling

Analytics

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Facebook Targeted Sharing

•

When it came to reaching the crucial 18-29 year old demographic,
the Obama campaign came to a startling realization

•
•

50% of their targets in this demographic were unreachable by phone
But 85% of them were friends with an Obama 2012 Facebook app user

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OFA launched “targeted sharing” to Facebook friends who were
voters in swing states

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Like Quick Donate, integration with the rest of the technology
stack was key. Users received an email requesting that they
contact six specific friends, with their names and photos

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•

600,000 people reached 5 million voters

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20% of those 5 million took some action, such as registering to
vote
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•

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But it wasn't perfect.
Matt Lira, a digital
staffer with Eric
Cantor who was
working on the
Romney campaign,
received an email
encouraging him to
ask Eric Cantor to vote
for Barack Obama.

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Optimizer: More Efﬁcient TV Buying
•

The Obama campaign built a technology known as Optimizer to buy television
ads in the same way that you might buy online ads, by focusing on audiences,
not channels

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Here’s how it worked

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The Obama campaign collected data about their supporters’ TV viewing habits in
coordination with a company called Rentrak.

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For each channel and time in a swing state, they projected how many targeted voters were
watching specific shows at a specific time

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They then went after the shows they felt were most cost-effective

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They estimated this made the TV buy as a whole 10-20% more efficient. That’s
the equivalent of $40 million and $80 million in added media.

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This meant that they bought micro-audiences that no one else would think to
buy, spending less per ad. At one point, the Obama campaign was up on 60
different channels compared with the Romney campaign's 18 during the same
time period.

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What’s Next
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What’s Next: 2016
•

Better Social Targeting: Phones are falling of “the cliff” first but door knocks, still the gold
standard, don’t scale easily. Can personalized outreach from friends on Facebook become the
next phone call or door knock? The technology has plenty of room to improve. For one thing,
Obama for America didn’t necessarily use social data itself to enhance its voter file or
determine who to target. This will be standard by 2016.

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Real-Time Analytics Overtakes Polling: We have only just begun to understand what Big Data
can do. The trend towards real-time analytics, and towards treating voters as individuals rather
than as members of crude subgroups within a poll sample, will continue to evolve. We will also
better be able to understand and model the relationship between online conversation and
public opinion (which we can’t currently do very well). In four years, the media will stand up
their own Analytics shops to better understand how voters are moving in real time.

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True Digital Integration: Practitioners on both sides agree that 2012 was a big step forward for
integrating Digital with the rest of the campaign. Jeremy Bird notes than in eight years, “We
will have difficulty telling a Field Director apart from a Digital Organizing Director. They are
one and the same in future campaigns.” Indeed, as the backbone of the campaign itself moves
online, separate Digital departments may fade away. The challenge will be to accomplish this
transition while continuing to grow digital’s primacy within campaign organizations.

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Thank you for reading.
Follow us for more insights on how digital is
reshaping every aspect of politics and society.

@engagedc

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