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INST201_SP23_Week2_Evolution.pdf
- 1. INST201 Intro to Information Science: Week 2 Foundations of Information Communications Technologies some slides adapted from Vitak/ISAUTER
- 2. This Week • DISCUSSION PROMPT: • Think about your relationship with 'television' - (how) has access and content influenced a) family and social relationships; b) your relationship with information. • Now find someone Gen X or older, and ask them the same questions. Please share both perspectives and any thoughts you have on why/ how they are similar or different. • READ: • Telegraph Messenger Boys • Victorian Internet
- 3. What are ICTs? Information and communication technologies (ICTs) a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information” (see UN definition here). 3 01 Major ICT developments • Printing Press • Telegraph • Telephone • Radio/TV 02 Impact on Society • Spread and Speed of Information transfer • Idea of Moral Panic 03 Network Effects (Metcalfe’s Law)
- 5. Major ICTs and ICT milestones 1455 Printing Press 1837 Telegraph 1876 Telephone 1901 Radio (trans- atlantic) 1923 First TV tubes 1969 ARPANET (precursor to Internet) 1991 World Wide Web 1993 Mosaic Browser 5
- 6. Before the printing press… Literacy was limited to monks/clergy and upper class (aristocracy).
- 7. Books were rare due to the amount of work in reproducing them by hand. Before the printing press…
- 9. 11 Wooden movable type was invented in China 400 years earlier, around 1040 AD. Actually…. Slide background courtesy of Kelly Hoffman
- 10. Enter Johannes Gutenberg 12 Movable type enabled mass production of content at a much faster rate than hand-copied or woodblock printing.
- 11. Literacy was limited ...
- 12. Gutenberg Bible & Printing Revolution • Gutenberg’s printing press (1440) is considered one of the most important inventions of last millennium. • Printed “Gutenberg Bible” in 1455. • By 1500, more than 8M copies of books had been printed across Europe. • Increase in availability led to increases in literacy and led to emergence of the middle class. • Coincided with Renaissance Era in Europe and enabled scientific revolution of 17th century. 14
- 14. LUDDITES (anti-tech? or pro-craft?) Led by Ned Lud / inset
- 15. Jacquard Loom vs. Handloom Craft
- 16. 18 Charles Babbage (1791-1871) ■ First to conceive of idea of a programmable computer ■ Developed Analytical Engine to perform a variety of mathematical functions (1820s-60s)
- 17. 19 Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) Wrote the FIRST computer program Mini-tour on punch card computing
- 18. Graphic Novel by Sydney Padua: http://sydneypadua.com/
- 19. Graphic Novel by Sydney Padua: http://sydneypadua.com/ CELEBRATING WOMEN IN TECH (2nd Tuesday in October)
- 20. Steam Power (late 17th-18th centuries) Watt-Boulton Engine ~ 1776
- 21. Photo Credit: Chris Allen, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2308677 Steam engine circa 1817
- 22. 24 Let’s jump ahead a couple of centuries …
- 23. 25
- 24. 26 Railroads across the US…
- 26. New Conceptions of Time: universal coordinated time
- 27. Telegraph’s “lightning lines” 29 Telegraph lines spread in conjunction with railroads; made economic growth and spread of population possible
- 28. Telegraph’s “lightning lines” 30 Here’s a link to a short video on the first telegraphic message (1844) Morse Code: information encoded in a simple format that could be transmitted over telegraph wire
- 29. 31 What do you notice about Morse Code “encoding”? What do you notice about Morse Code “encoding”?
- 30. The Power of Network Effects Metcalfe’s Law: Value of a telecommunications network increases as the number of users increases (network effect). 32 5 users, network value = 25 | 10 users = 100 | 100 users = 10,000 1000 users = 1M | 100,000 users = 10B More specifically, the value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users (n) of the system (n2).
- 31. 33 U.S. National Archives (NAID) 1633445., No restrictions, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15523362 Adoption skyrockets at turn of the 20th century 1905: 2.2M telephones (1 in 10 US households) 1910: 5.8M telephones 1940: 30M telephones 1960: 80M in US; 160M globally 1915: Transcontinental phone lines established Telephone Transforms Communication
- 32. Telephone signals the end of telegraph 34 The rise of telephone signaled the end of telegraph’s prominence, and end of telegraphy as a premiere “information” job. BUT The impact of telegraph is still felt today. • Telephone, fax machines, and Internet were all built on the foundation of telegraph • Internet and telegraph facilitated communication through interconnected networks • Computers and telegraphs follow the same transmission process
- 33. Social Impacts of Telephone Connected rural families with outside communities AND aided population movement from cities to suburbs, which lead to the GROWTH OF CITIES: • Business operate more efficiently • Decreased need for messengers to carry communications • Allows for expansion 35
- 34. RADIO (circa 1930s-40s) The “go-to” source for home entertainment and news By the 1930s, serials had become popular on radio 36
- 35. Radios & information standardization 37 Radio initially emerged as “wireless telegraphy” (i.e., a method for transmitting messages without wires.) In the 1840s, JC Maxwell showed how electromagnetic waves moved through open spaces
- 36. 38 The downside of radio: War of the Worlds Program led to panic and outrage against radio
- 37. Television amplifies positive and negative features of ICTs • TVs became popular (i.e., affordable) in the 1950s • By the 1970s, TVs were found in the majority of US homes. • Originally limited to three networks (ABC, CBS, NBC); cable networks became more popular in 1980s • TV was viewed as both connecting us to each other/the world AND making us stupid / anti-social 39
- 38. CHARACTERISTICS AND REACTIONS TO ICT DEVELOPMENTS 38 •Businesses are generally the first to adopt new technologies en masse (to gain competitive advantage) All ICTs are initially met with mixture of excitement and skepticism by business, government & public. •Enabled wider spread of information (no longer limited to your local news) •Dramatically sped up the dissemination of information •(Major turning point: live coverage of JFK assassination in 1963) •Introduced more perspectives by making marginalized voices heard Foundations laid by new ICTs emerging throughout the 19th-20th centuries •Utility of new tech is often in doubt •Scammers have used all kinds of ICTs to extort money •Consolidation of media companies allows a few groups to determine what information is important. Downsides:
- 39. The Rise of the Information Society How did we get here?
- 40. Information society: When the gathering, organizing, production, and distribution of information becomes the predominant economic activity. 1900 1950 2000s 20% growth predicted in information sector during 2020s
- 41. Global companies with highest market capitalization, 2020 All numbers in USD millions [Source]
- 42. The Need for Control ! Information Society
- 43. The Rise of the Information Society Contributing Factors Electrification of communication 1800s Convergence of technologies 1960s + Harmonization of Information Systems 1990s+
- 44. Information Society … and the need to manage (control?) data… BIG DATA
- 45. 1960: 82 minutes available per minute consumed 2005: ~900 minutes available per minute consumed (source) Growth in information available to public by media:
- 46. 2011-2012 2013-2014 Source: Mashable Source: Mashable
- 47. BIG DATA In 2020, more than 3.5 exabytes of data were created each day… This is expected to reach 463 exabytes per day by 2025.
- 48. Wait … What? How much is an exabyte?
- 49. DATA IN CONTEXT…