Instruments and techniques used in guidance

What are the different
forms of measurements and
evaluation techniques used
in schools, industries, and
clinics ?

According to Aquino and Alviar
To make an individual understand himself
better.
Tests are most widely used in educational
institutions at all levels, in industries for
personnel selection, promotion and in
clinics for proper diagnosis of patients.
Tests are also used in for counseling and
research purposes.

How are tests
useful in
schools?

According to Toribio:
 To determine the pattern of growth and rate of
development of the individual pupil;
 To classify children with reference to their ability to
profit from instruction;
 To identify the extreme deviates who may need
special study and provisions;
 To diagnose cause of underachievement or
academic failures;
 To provide information which may be used for
admission, classification, special studies;

 To help the counselor in educational and vocational
counseling of counseling of secondary and tertiary
level students;
 To help the counselee understand himself and
accept what is best for him on the basis of tests
result obtained;
 To provide a basis for the conference with parents
and/or significant others about the ability,
achievement, growth, and school adjustment of
their children; and
 To gain objective data about the individual in
addition to information obtained from interviews,
self-reports and other sources.

How are tests
useful to the
counselors?

Disclosure of capacity and potentiality
as well as diagnosis of exceptional
clientele for referral to specialists among
those with deficiencies and aberrations;
The objective appraisal of personality for
better understanding and self-direction
of the individual himself;
The accurate comparison of individual
performance with the performance of
others for the purpose of selection,
recommendation and self-
understanding;

Improved basis of prediction as to
likelihood of success in any activity in
which prospective performance can be
measured and compared;
Evaluation of personal characteristics in
relation to characteristics required for
educational and occupational performance;
and
Assessment of the child’s ability at the
beginning (pre-test) and at the end (post-
test) to determine the gains made and still
remains to be done.

What are some
major errors in
the use of
psychological
tests?

1. Adminestering the tests
incorrectly
2. Making sweeping
generalizations from test
results
3. Using appropriate test
for a purpose to be serve
is another error.

Test are classified as follows:
 TESTS FOR GENERAL INTELLECTUAL
LEVEL
- Individual Tests and Group Tests
 TESTS FOR SPECIAL POPULATION
- Infant and Preschool Testing
 TESTS FOR SEPARATE ABILITIES
- Multiple aptitudes, Achievement tests,
occupational or employment tests and
clinical testing

 PERSONALITY TESTS
- Self-report inventories, checklists,
measures of interest, values, and
attitudes.
 OBJECTIVE TEST
- Inkblot techniques, thematic perception
test, sentence completion test, Bendar-
Gestalt, and other Projective Techniques

How are test
acquired from
PPC ?

ACCORDING TO THE PHILIPPINE
PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPORATION
TESTS MAY BE PURCHASED FOR USE
IN
1) Schools, Colleges and Educational
Institutions;
2) Governmental and Social Agencies;
3) Business and Industrial Firms;
4) Management firms and Constants; and
5) Professional Psychologists and Guidance
Counselors.

When buying tests;
purchasers are asked to
note the Letters to note the
symbol A, B, and C
accompanying the test
titles in the lists that is:

 Level A – Available if the person
administrating the tests had
undertaken undergraduates courses
in testing or psychometrics, or
sufficient training and experience in
test administration.

 Level B – Available only if the
test administrator has completed an
advanced level course in testing in a
university, or its equivalent in
training under the direction of a
qualified superior or consultant.

 Level C – Available only for use, by
or under the supervision of qualified
psychologists, i.e., members of the
American Psychological Association or
the Psychological Association of the
Philippines or other persons with at
least a Master’s Degree in Psychology
and at least one year of experience
under professional supervision.

•This is a brief informal report by
the teacher of an observation of a
critical incident.
• An anecdotal record is a recorded
observation. Observations must be
objective, factual, concise and accurate,
describing one incident.

•Is a tool used to gain
information about a person by
having him write his life story.
This gives the learner an
opportunity to express
himself in words.

2 Types of
Autobiographies
Structured
Unstructured

Behavior Rating Scale is a
standardized form
number of behavior
traits, with continuum on
which the teacher
indicates the relative
strength of an individual
student on each trait.

This is a graphic representation of
the responses made to a
questionnaire administered to
members of a group with respect
to their choice of roles to be
played by particular members of
the group.

STAR – is the individual who receives the
largest number of choices.
ISOLATE – is a member of the group who is
psychologically isolated from other members.
NEGLECTEE – is the individual who received
relatively new choices.
REJECTEE – is the individual who receives
negative choices on a sociometric test.
MUTUAL CHOICE – are two individuals who
have chosen each other on the same
sociometric criterion.
CLIQUES or SUBGROUPS – small groups within
a group whose presence heightens the
implication of an often selfish or arrogant
selfishness.

How useful are peer
ratings?
These ratings can be used to
provide information about the
functioning of individuals within
the group setting. They can be
used by teachers and
counselors to identify the
members who are accepted,
rejected, or isolated by the
group and to identify potential
leaders for different tasks.

What is the purpose of interview?
An interview is a direct
conversation deigned to gather
information about an individual. It
also serves as a diagnosis and
therapy. Bingham and Moore
describe the interview as a means
of instructing, influencing or
motivating the interviewee. To be
used effectively, it must first be put
to good use for establishing
rapport.

A cumulative record is a
record that the school has
collected to desirable an
individual. It is described as
a continuing, updated
composite of significant and
representative information
gathered on developmental
and longitudinal dimensions.

This method is handled by case
workers who could be a school
counselor, a health related
professional or paraprofessional
which is attended to over span of
years.
A case study is a detailed
account of a single individual, usually
a small number of cases. The method
tries to seek a complete compilation
as possible of the individual’s
personal history.

The computer is the most
recent tool used in modern
schools, industries and
government agencies.
Traditionally, information gathered
about the individual client is stored
in its original form using books,
pamphlets and binders which are
kept in cabinets.

Instruments and techniques used in guidance

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Instruments and techniques used in guidance