This document discusses the need for a unified systems approach to improve dryland livelihoods. It emphasizes identifying key constraints, building synergies across interventions, and considering how interventions affect overall systems. The CRP DS could add value through similarity mapping, knowledge-based proposals, and addressing the needs of over 2.5 billion people in dry areas. An effective new science framework would focus on overcoming constraints through synthesis, modeling, integration, and embracing heterogeneity. The operating model should involve linking with development strategies, considering agricultural livelihoods as well as upstream and downstream factors, and building capacity for systems-based work among partners.