Intelligence
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This document discusses theories and assessments of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. Several theories of intelligence are described, including Spearman's theory of a general intelligence factor ("g") and specific factors, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests discussed include early tests developed by Galton and Binet-Simon, as well as modern tests like the WAIS and WISC that assess verbal and performance abilities. The document also notes individual variations in intellectual ability.
Intelligence
- 1. Intelligence
- 2. Agenda Intelligence Theories/types/explanations Assessment of Intelligence Variations in intellectual ability
- 3. Have you ever consciously considered these questions? • • Am I an intelligent person? • • How intelligent am I? • • How do we judge if someone is intelligent or not? • • How can we measure the intelligence of a person?
- 4. There are some other questions too: • What is intelligence? • Is intelligence how one deals with others? or • Is intelligence how precisely we learn a new task? or • Is it how good we are in our studies? Or • Is intelligence how well we can solve problems? or
- 5. There are some other questions too: • Is it how we accurately judge people? or • Is intelligence all of this, or even more than all this? • Different people may understand intelligence differently. If you think intelligence is all of this or even more than all this, then you are right.
- 6. Intelligence “The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge” (intelligence, 1993, the American Heritage College dictionary)
- 7. Intelligence According to Feldman “intelligence is the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges” Intelligence = f ( Person, environment)
- 8. Theories / types / explanations of intelligence: 1. Sir Francis Galton’s theory 2. James McKeen Cattell 3. Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence 4. Thorndike’s Theory: Social Intelligence 5. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence: Seven Primary Mental Abilities 6. R.B Cattell and J.L Horn’s Theory; Crystalline and Fluid Intelligence 7. Gardner’s multiple intelligence 8. Information processing approaches 9. Practical intelligence 10.Emotional intelligence
- 9. Theories / types / explanations of intelligence: 1. Sir Francis Galton’s theory “hereditary genius” 2. James McKeen Cattell American psychologist who gave more importance to the mental processes. First ever to use the term “mental test” for devices used to measure intelligence. Developed tasks that were aimed to measure reaction time, word association test, keenness of vision and weight discrimination. These tests were proved to be a failure as they were not comprehensive and complex enough to measure intelligence
- 10. Theories / types / explanations of intelligence: 3. Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence Factor analysis ‘g’ factor and ‘S’ factor are responsible for individual differences ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests.
- 11. Theories / types / explanations of intelligence: 4. R.B Cattell and J.L Horn’s Theory; Crystalline and Fluid Intelligence. Fluid intelligence: Intelligence that reflects informaon processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. E.g. solve puzzle, analogy, or remember a set of numbers etc Crystallized intelligence: The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem solving situations. E.g. solution to poverty, unemployment etc
- 12. Theories / types / explanations of intelligence: 5. Gardner’s multiple intelligence A theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence. 1. Musical intelligence 2. Bodily kinesthetics intelligence 3. Logical mathematical 4. Linguistic intelligence 5. Spatial intelligence 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalistic
- 13. Theories / types / explanations of intelligence: 6. Information processing approaches. - Cognitive psychologist - Examine the processes underlying intelligent behaviors rather than focusing on the structure intelligence. - More time on initial encoding
- 14. •Practical intelligence –According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living. – Analytical intelligence – Creative intelligence – Most traditional measures of intelligence do not relate especially well to career success. (McClelland, 1993). – Career success requires PI as apposed to academic success. – Developed through observations of others’ behaviors.
- 15. •Emotional Intelligence (EQ) –The set of skills that trigger the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions. • The ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions. • To discriminate among emotions etc
- 17. •Assessing intelligene –Intelligence tests: Tests devised to quantify a person’s level of intelligence. – Sir Francis Galton’s approach (1822-1911) size and shape – The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France. – His test items include: names of parts of body, compare lenghts and weights, counting coins, naming objects in a picture, filling in the missing words in a sentence etc
- 18. •Assessing intelligene – Three years – Shows nose, eyes and mouth. Repeats two digits. Describes objects in a picture. Gives family name. Repeats a sentence of six syllables. – Fifteen years Repeats seven digits. Gives three rhymes. Repeats a sentence of 26 syllables. Interprets a picture. Solves a problem from several facts
- 19. •Assessing intelligene – Later Revisions – • The original Binet- Simon scale was revised a number of times. – • The American psychologist, Lewis Terman gave the first Stanford revision of the scale in 1916. – • These revision comparison American standards from age 3 to adulthood. – • Further revisions were made in 1937 and 1960. – • Stanford- Binet is one of the most widely used tests even today.
- 20. •Assessing intelligene – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised – WAIS-R and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-III: WISC-III – WAIS-R and WISC-III – • Psychologist David Wechsler developed both. – • The two tests consist of two major parts: – i. Verbal part/scale – ii. Performance or non verbal part/scale – .
- 21. •Assessing intelligene – Verbal scale Consists of more conventional types of problems involving vocabulary definition, and comprehension of various concepts. • The subscales include: • Information • Comprehension • Arithmetic • Similarities
- 22. •Assessing intelligence – Performance Scale It involves assembling small objects and arranging pictures in a logical order. • The subscales include: • Digit symbol • Picture completion • Object assembly
- 23. •Assessing intelligence Achievement test A test designed to determine a person’s level of knowledge in a given subject area. Aptitude test A test designed to predict a person’s ability in a particular area or line of work.
- 24. •Assessing intelligene – Validity: The property by which tests actually measure what they are proposed to measure. – Reliability: The property by which test measures consistently what they are trying to measure. – Norms: Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score on a test with scores of other individuals who have taken the same test.
- 32. •Variation in intellectual ability – Mental retardation • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Down syndrom • Familial retardation Mainstreaming Full inclusion
Editor's Notes
- #7: Because intelligence can take various forms therefore, defining it is challenging.
- #8: Part of intelligence is inherited and part of it is learned. Intelligence refers to the ability to adapt, to reason, to solve problems, and think in an abstract manner; it also includes learning and experiencing new things and understanding from the past experiences. > One commonly accepted view has been presented in the above slide. Intelligence or the intellectual ability of a person is based upon a constant and ongoing interaction between environmental factors and inherited potentials in order to have better understanding of how to ‘use’ and ‘apply’ the potentials in a meaningful manner.
- #9: Theories of Intelligence •Theories or viewpoints on the understanding, explanation, and measurement of intelligence. •These include psychometric approaches that are used to measure intelligence qualitatively and quantitatively.
- #10: Theories of Intelligence •Theories or viewpoints on the understanding, explanation, and measurement of intelligence. •These include psychometric approaches that are used to measure intelligence qualitatively and quantitatively.
- #11: British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #12: British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #13: British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #14: British psychologist, Charles Spearman gave his theory in the early 1900s • His theory laid the foundations for the later theories. • He observed that people who scored high on one mental test also tend to score on the other as well. The same applies to the low scorers. • He developed a statistical technique known as “factor analysis” on the basis of which he proposed two factors that can account for the individual differences The first one he named as “g” factor or “general intelligence” and the other as “s” factor or “specific intelligence” According to Spearman, ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests. Whereas‘s’ factor can account for the specific abilities that are different in different people; and also different tests required particular abilities from people Spearman and his followers gave more importance to the ‘g’ factors and suggested that ‘g’ measured the ‘mental power’ or ‘mental energy’
- #15: People who are high in practicla intelligence are able to learn general norms, and principles, and apply them appropriately. Analytical intelligence: focuses on abstract but traditional types of problems measured on IQ tests. Creative intelligence: involves generation of novel ideas and products. Most traditional measures of intelligence do not relate especially well to career success. (McClelland, 1993). Career success requires PI as apposed to academic success. Developed through observations of others’ behaviours.
- #16: Emotions can be defined as overt reactions that express feelings about events. Traditional intelligence relates to academic performance, practical intelligence relates to success in life, and emotional inteeligence relates to emotional skills. Requires quantification (although its quite sense making concept)
- #18: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #19: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #20: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #21: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #22: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #23: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #24: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #25: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.
- #28: Material pertinent to this illustration is found on pages 189-190.
- #33: • Man was always interested in knowing their own ability level, or in other words the intelligence, as well as that of others. • People looked for capable persons while searching for life-mates, companions, workers, architects, artists, and poets or authors. • Even in case of chefs, tailors, carpenters, or barbers, those with the fine skill and the ability to generate unique ideas were preferred. • In the olden times, observation and previous experience were the only ways to judge a person’s capability or intelligence level. The prevalent, modern, approaches to measure intelligence are based upon the contribution of Alfred Binet. The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in France.