The document summarizes the scientific method process used by two engineers, James Czarnowski and Michael Triantafyllou, to improve ship propulsion systems. (1) The engineers observed that ships use a lot of fuel and penguins are efficient swimmers. (2) They hypothesized that a propulsion system imitating a penguin's wing movements would be more efficient than propellers. (3) To test their hypothesis, they conducted experiments comparing propeller-driven boats to designs with movable panels resembling penguin wings.