INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
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IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the depletion of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6 features a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It uses a simplified header structure compared to IPv4, removing unnecessary fields and expanding others. IPv6 also supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing nodes to automatically assign themselves addresses. Extension headers provide additional optional information for areas like routing, fragmentation, security and more. IPv6 aims to resolve issues with IPv4 and build upon lessons learned from over 20 years of IPv4 usage on the internet.
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
- 1. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 Presented by:Presented by: A.GayatriA.Gayatri 14A81A0564.14A81A0564.
- 2. ContentsContents IP Network AddressingIP Network Addressing Classful IP addressingClassful IP addressing Techniques to reduce addressTechniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4shortage in IPv4 Features of IPv6Features of IPv6 Header ComparisonsHeader Comparisons Extension HeadersExtension Headers ConclusionsConclusions
- 3. IP Network AddressingIP Network Addressing INTERNETINTERNET world’s largest publicworld’s largest public data network, doubling in size every ninedata network, doubling in size every nine monthsmonths IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 2IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 23232 (4,294,967,296)(4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses availableIPv4 addresses available The first problem is concerned with theThe first problem is concerned with the eventual depletion of the IP addresseventual depletion of the IP address space.space. Traditional model of classful addressingTraditional model of classful addressing does not allow the address space to bedoes not allow the address space to be used to its maximum potential.used to its maximum potential.
- 4. Classful AddressingClassful Addressing When IP was first standardized in SepWhen IP was first standardized in Sep 1981, each system attached to the IP1981, each system attached to the IP based Internet had to be assigned abased Internet had to be assigned a unique 32-bit addressunique 32-bit address The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involvesThe 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a two level addressing hierarchya two level addressing hierarchy Network Number/PrefixNetwork Number/Prefix Host NumberHost Number
- 5. Classful Addressing…Classful Addressing… Divided into 5Divided into 5 classesclasses Class A 8 bits N/WClass A 8 bits N/W id and 24 bits hostid and 24 bits host id and so on B,C.id and so on B,C. Wastage of IPWastage of IP addresses byaddresses by assigning blocksassigning blocks of addressesof addresses which fall alongwhich fall along octet boundariesoctet boundaries
- 6. Techniques to reduce addressTechniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4shortage in IPv4 SubnettingSubnetting Classless Inter Domain RoutingClassless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)(CIDR) Network Address Translation (NAT)Network Address Translation (NAT)
- 7. SubnettingSubnetting Three-level hierarchy: network,Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and host.subnet, and host. The extended-network-prefix hasThe extended-network-prefix has traditionally been identified by thetraditionally been identified by the subnet masksubnet mask Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
- 8. Subnetting ExampleSubnetting Example Internet G H1 H2 H3 H4 Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 All traffic to 128.10.0.0 128.10.1.1 128.10.1.2 128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2 Sub-network 128.10.1.0 Sub-network 128.10.2.0 Net mask 255.255.0.0
- 9. Classless Inter-Domain RoutingClassless Inter-Domain Routing Eliminates traditional classful IPEliminates traditional classful IP routing.routing. Routing information is advertisedRouting information is advertised with a bit mask/prefix lengthwith a bit mask/prefix length specifies the number of leftmost contiguous bitsspecifies the number of leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion of each routing table entryin the network portion of each routing table entry Example: 192.168.0.0/21Example: 192.168.0.0/21
- 10. Network Address TranslationNetwork Address Translation Each organization- singleEach organization- single IPIP addressaddress Within organization – each host withWithin organization – each host with IP unique to the orgn., from reservedIP unique to the orgn., from reserved set of IP addressesset of IP addresses
- 11. Features of IPv6Features of IPv6 Larger Address Space New host can assign its own host address Efficient and Extensible IP datagram Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Security (IPsec mandatory) Mobility
- 12. 128-bit IPv6 Address128-bit IPv6 Address 3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by 3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234 = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbe Leading zeros can be removed
- 13. 40 bytes 20 bytes IPv4 IPv6 0 15 16 31 vers hlen TOS total length identification flags flag-offset TTL protocol header checksum source address destination address options and padding vers traffic class flow-label payload length next header hop limit source address destination address Removed (6) • ID, flags, flag offset • TOS, hlen • header checksum Changed (3) Added (2) Expanded • total length => payload • protocol => next header • TTL => hop limit • traffic class • flow label • address 32 to 128 bits Header comparisonHeader comparison
- 14. Major Improvements ofMajor Improvements of IPv6 HeaderIPv6 Header No option fieldNo option field: Replaced by: Replaced by extension header. Result in a fixedextension header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte IP header.length, 40-byte IP header. No header checksumNo header checksum: Result in fast: Result in fast processing.processing. No fragmentation at intermediateNo fragmentation at intermediate nodesnodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.: Result in fast IP forwarding.
- 15. Extension HeadersExtension Headers Routing – Extended routing, like IPv4Routing – Extended routing, like IPv4 loose list of routers to visitloose list of routers to visit Fragmentation – Fragmentation andFragmentation – Fragmentation and reassemblyreassembly Authentication – Integrity andAuthentication – Integrity and authentication, securityauthentication, security Encapsulation – ConfidentialityEncapsulation – Confidentiality Destination Options – OptionalDestination Options – Optional information to be examined by theinformation to be examined by the destination nodedestination node
- 16. Stateless Address AutoconfigurationStateless Address Autoconfiguration 3 ways to configure network3 ways to configure network interfaces: Manually, Stateful,interfaces: Manually, Stateful, StatelessStateless IPv6 addr. Separated into 2 2 parts:IPv6 addr. Separated into 2 2 parts: network and interface id.network and interface id. Link- local addressesLink- local addresses Obtain network id through RouterObtain network id through Router solicitation (RS)solicitation (RS)
- 17. Conclusion IPv6 is NEW … – built on the experiences learned from IPv4 – new features – large address space – new efficient header – autoconfiguration … and OLD – still IP – build on a solid base – started in 1995, a lot of implementations and tests done
- 18. THANK YOU