Internet Protocol version 6

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
Presented by:-
Rekha Yadav
B.tech (IT)
3rd yr.
2010

CONTENTS-
 IP Network Addressing
 Classfull IP addressing
 Techniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4
 Features of IPv6
 Header Comparisons
 Extension Headers
 Conclusions

IP NETWORK ADDRESSING
 INTERNET  world’s largest public data network,
doubling in size every nine months
 IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232 (4,294,967,296) IPv4
addresses available
 The first problem is concerned with the eventual
depletion of the IP address space.
 Traditional model of classful addressing does not allow
the address space to be used to its maximum potential.

CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
 When IP was first standardized in Sep 1981, each system
attached to the IP based Internet had to be assigned a unique
32-bit address
 The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a two level
addressing hierarchy
Network Number Host Number

CLASSFUL ADDRESSING…
 Divided into 5 classes
 Class A 8 bits N/W id
and 24 bits host id
and so on B,C.
 Wastage of IP
addresses by
assigning blocks of
addresses which fall
along octet
boundaries

TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE ADDRESS
SHORTAGE IN IPV4
 Subnetting
 Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
 Network Address Translation (NAT)

SUBNETTING
 Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and
host.
 The extended-network-prefix is composed of
the classful network-prefix and the subnet-
number
 The extended-network-prefix has traditionally
been identified by the subnet mask
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number

SUBNETTING EXAMPLE
Internet
G
H1 H2
H3 H4
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.1.1 128.10.1.2
128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
Net mask 255.255.0.0

MOVING 2 BITS FROM THE HOST PART TO THE
SUBNET MASK(192.168.5.130)
Binary form Dot-decimal notation
IP address
11000000.10101000.00
000101.10000010
192.168.5.130
Subnet mask
11111111.11111111.1111
1111.11000000
255.255.255.192
Network prefix
11000000.10101000.00
000101.10000000
192.168.5.128
Host part
00000000.00000000.0
0000000.00000010
0.0.0.2

CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING
 Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.
 Routing information is advertised with a bit mask/prefix
length specifies the number of leftmost contiguous
bits in the network portion of each routing table entry
 Example: 192.168.0.0/21

Network address Translation
 In computer networking , network address
translation (NAT) is the process of modifying
network address.
 Network Address Translation allows a single
device, such as a router, to act as agent between
the Internet (or "public network") and a local (or
"private") network.
 This means that only a single unique IP address
is required to represent an entire group of
computers to anything outside their network.

TYPES OF NAT OF NAT
 Static NAT-utilizes Source IP addresses and
maps them to outside Internet IP
addresses. This is also called 1to 1
translation.
 Dynamic NAT-Maps an unregistered IP
address to a registered IP address from a
group of registered IP addresses.
-This is also called Many to 1 translation

In static NAT, the computer with the IP address
of 192.168.32.10 will always translate to
213.18.123.110:

In dynamic NAT, the computer with the IP
address of 192.168.32.10 will translate to the
first available address in the range from
213.18.123.100 to 213.18.123.150

FEATURES OF IPV6
 Larger Address Space
 Aggregation-based address hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
 Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
 Security (IPsec mandatory)
 Mobility

128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
Leading zeros can be removed

40
bytes
20
bytes
IPv4
IPv6
0 15 16 31
vers hlen TOS total length
identification flags flag-offset
TTL protocol header checksum
source IP address
destination IP address
options and padding
vers traffic class flow-label
payload length next header hop limit
source address
destination address
Removed (6)
• ID, flags, flag offset
• TOS, hlen
• header checksum
Changed (3)
Added (2)
Expanded
• total length => payload
• protocol => next header
• TTL => hop limit
• traffic class
• flow label
• address 32 to 128 bits
Header comparison

MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS OF
IPV6 HEADER
 No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result
in a fixed length, 40-byte IP header.
 No header checksum: Result in fast processing.
 No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast
IP forwarding.

EXTENSION HEADERS
 Routing – Extended routing, like IPv4 loose list
of routers to visit
 Fragmentation – Fragmentation and
reassembly
 Authentication – Integrity and authentication,
security
 Encapsulation – Confidentiality
 Hop-by-Hop Option – Special options that
require hop-by-hop processing
 Destination Options – Optional information to
be examined by the destination node

STATELESS ADDRESS AUTOCONFIGURATION
 3 ways to configure network interfaces: Manually,
Statefull, Stateless
 IPSAA IPv6 address. Separated into 2 parts: network
and interface id.
 Link- local addresses: prefix FE80::0 + interface
identifier (EUI-64 format)
 Obtain network id through Router solicitation (RS)

CONCLUSION
 IPv6 is NEW …
– built on the experiences learned from IPv4
– new features
– large address space
– new efficient header
– autoconfiguration
 … and OLD
– still IP
– build on a solid base
– started in 1995, a lot of implementations and
tests done

REFERENCES
 IPng wg: http://playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html
 NGtrans: http://www.6bone.net/ngtrans
 IPv6 users site: http://www.ipv6.org
 IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com
 Behrouz A Forouzan
 Sanjay Sharma

Internet Protocol version 6

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