Introduction History and Scope of Microbiology
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The document provides an overview of microbiology, emphasizing its definition, history, significant contributors, and scope. Key figures include Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch, who made pivotal discoveries in the field. It also outlines the branches of microbiology, covering both pure and applied sciences, and highlights its advantages and disadvantages.
Introduction History and Scope of Microbiology
- 1. Dr. Divya Sharma | Assistant Professor | Microbiology History and Scope of Microbiology 1 MICROBIOLOGY Introduction of Microbiology Greek word, Micro = small; bios = life (living organisms); logy = to study It deals with the study of small living organism’s life. It is the study of organisms that are usually too small which cannot be not seen by the naked eye. Thus, it is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms occur everywhere, in soil, water, air, animals, food products, on skin, plants etc. The biosphere contains more than 1030 microorganisms that survive and grew in extreme environments. History and Scope of Microbiology Discovery of Microbiology: The Latin Roman poet and Philosopher Lucretius Statement about the nature, everything in nature can be explained by natural laws, without the need for the intervention of divine beings. The Italian Physician, poet, astronomer and geologist Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1556) First seen invisible microorganism Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) The Italian Physician, Best known for “Syphilis sive morbus Gallicus” (1530; “Syphilis or the French Disease”). A work in rhyme giving an account of the Syphilis disease (communicable diseases and their transmission), which he named. Fracastoro’s was the first scientific statement of the true nature of contagion, infection, disease germs and modes of disease transmission. Both scientist are suggested that “Diseases caused by invisible microorganisms”. Father of Microbiology Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Father of Microscopy Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) The first person to first time observed and described about the microorganisms. A Dutch Scientist and a cloth merchant in Holland. Spend much his time in grinding tiny lenses of high magnification (200-300 times).
- 2. Dr. Divya Sharma | Assistant Professor | Microbiology History and Scope of Microbiology 2 First time, he saw Microbes when he was polishing the lens. He observed hair fibers, variety of fluid including, blood and even scraping from his own teeth. He first time described about the microorganism in 1676. He saw minute moving objects and called them as “Little animalcules”, which we now know them as protozoa, yeasts and bacteria. He made accurate sketches and communicated his findings to “Royal Society of London” He developed a simple microscope using only single biconvex lens. In 1683, described the bacteria is rod shaped, spiral form of bacteria and their movement. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to discover microscope and the presence of bacteria and spirochetes in mouth. Father of Vaccination Edward Jenner (1749-1823) An English surgeon discovered safe and efficient vaccination against Small pox, which ultimately led to the eradication of small pox (Variola) and that Pasteur invented Vaccines. Indeed, almost 90 years after Jenner initiated immunization with his smallpox vaccine, Pasteur developed another vaccine—the first vaccine against rabies. In 1796, He proved experimentally that resistance to small pox can be induced by injecting cow pox material (Vaccinia) from disease pustules in to man. Jenner published his findings in 1798 in a pamphlet “An inquiry into the cause and effect of variole vaccine”. Pasteur gave the general term “Vaccine” (Vacca = cow) in honor of Jenner’s cow pox vaccine, to various materials used to induce active immunity. Father of Bacteriology Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Father of Modern Microbiology Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) A French Chemist, Pharmacist and Microbiologist, who is often regarded as the father of modern Microbiology because of his many contributions to science. Renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. Pasteur developed the process of pasteurization to prevent contamination and disproved spontaneous generation. He proved the theory of “Biogenesis” and disproved the “Theory of spontaneous generation” (Abiogenesis), experimentally by using swan-necked flasks. He also discovered vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and rabies. Koch isolated pure bacterial cultures and invented techniques like the hanging drop method. Best known for inventing the process that bears his name, Pasteurization.
- 3. Dr. Divya Sharma | Assistant Professor | Microbiology History and Scope of Microbiology 3 Pioneer of Microbiology Robert Koch (1843-1910) and Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Germ theory of disease Robert Koch Father of Modern Bacteriology Robert Koch The first discover of tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) which is popularly called as Koch’s bacillus. He injected tubercle bacilli into laboratory animals and reproduced the disease, satisfying all Koch’s postulates in 1890. A German Physician and Microbiologist, awarded Nobel prize in Medicine in 1905. In 9th century, Koch conclusively established that a particular germ could cause a specific disease. First direct demonstrate the role of a particular organism causing a particular disease, and suggested “Koch Postulates” in 1890. Scope of Microbiology: The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Microbiology can be also classified based on taxonomy, in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology. There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines. Branches of microbiology a. Pure microbiology (on the basis of organisms in diverse field) i. Bacteriology (the study of bacteria) ii. Virology (the study of virus) iii. Mycology (the study of fungi) iv. Protozoology (the study of protozoa) v. Phycology (the study of algae) vi. Parasitology (the study of parasites) vii. Immunology (the study of the immune system) viii. Nematology (the study of the nematodes) b. Applied microbiology Concepts of microbiology are applied on different fields are as follows: i. Pharmaceutical microbiology: The study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products and that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil. ii. Production of drugs, antibiotics, vitamins etc.
- 4. Dr. Divya Sharma | Assistant Professor | Microbiology History and Scope of Microbiology 4 iii. Food microbiology and Dairy microbiology: The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and foodborne illness. Using microorganisms to produce foods, for example by fermentation. iv. Industrial microbiology: The exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes. Examples include industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment. Closely linked to the biotechnology industry. This field also includes brewing, an important application of microbiology. v. Soil and agriculture microbiology: The study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following: Plant microbiology and Plant pathology: The study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens. Soil microbiology: The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil. vi. Water and waste water treatment vii. Geomicrobiology viii. Medical microbiology: The study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology. ix. Bio-remedification (one microbes are used to kill harmful microbes) x. Genetic recombination (recombinant DNA technique, E. coli, yeast etc.) and Microbial biotechnology: The manipulation of microorganisms at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products. xi. Veterinary biotechnology: The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy. xii. Environmental microbiology: The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes other branches of microbiology such as: Microbial ecology Microbially-mediated nutrient cycling Geomicrobiology Microbial diversity Bioremediation xiii. Water microbiology (or Aquatic microbiology): The study of those microorganisms that are found in water. xiv. Aeromicrobiology (or Air microbiology): The study of airborne microorganisms. xv. Epidemiology: The study of the incidence, spread, and control of disease.
- 5. Dr. Divya Sharma | Assistant Professor | Microbiology History and Scope of Microbiology 5 c. Interactive Microbiology i. Microbial cytology: The study of microscopic and submicroscopic details of microorganisms. ii. Microbial physiology: The study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically. Includes the study of microbial growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure. iii. Microbial ecology: The relationship between microorganisms and their environment. iv. Microbial genetics: The study of how genes are organized and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions. Closely related to the field of molecular biology. v. Cellular microbiology: A discipline bridging microbiology and cell biology. vi. Evolutionary microbiology: The study of the evolution of microbes. This field can be subdivided into: Microbial taxonomy: The naming and classification of microorganisms. Microbial systematics: The study of the diversity and genetic relationship of microorganisms. vii. Generation microbiology: The study of those microorganisms that have the same characters as their parents. viii. Systems microbiology: A discipline bridging systems biology and microbiology. ix. Molecular microbiology: The study of the molecular principles of the physiological processes in microorganisms. d. Other o Nano microbiology: The study of those microorganisms on nano level. o Exo-microbiology (or Astro-microbiology): The study of microorganisms in outer space. o Weapon microbiology: The study of those microorganisms which are using in weapon industries. Advantages of Microbiology: a. Aero microbiology: Help in the overall preservation and preparation of food, food prone diseases and their ultimate prevention. b. Beverage microbiology: Making of beer, shandy, wine and a variety of alcoholic beverages. Eg- whisky, brandy, rum etc. c. Exo-microbiology: To help the exploration of life in the outer space. d. Food microbiology: To help in the study of coal, mineral deposits and gas formation; prospecting the deposits of gas and oil, coal, recovery of minerals from low grade ores. e. Industrial microbiology: Making of ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, glucose, syrup, high fructose syrup, vitamins etc.
- 6. Dr. Divya Sharma | Assistant Professor | Microbiology History and Scope of Microbiology 6 f. Medical microbiology: Helps in the diagnostic protocol for identification of causative agents of various human ailments, and subsequent preventive measures; preparing various vaccines. g. Pharmaceutical microbiology: Making of life saving drugs, antibiotics. Eg. penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin etc. h. Soil and agriculture microbiology: Helps in the maintenance of a good farmland by keeping and sustaining a reasonable and regular presence of microbes in it. i. Waste treatment microbiology: Treatment of domestic and industrial effluent or wastes by lowering the BOD and COD. j. Microbes play important role in environment: Recycling of elements Sewage treatment Biogas production Biodegradation Biodeterioration Leaching of elements Abatement of heavy metals pollution Water pollution management Disadvantages of Microbiology: Microorganisms may exhibit their effects are- o Disease producing organisms- Typhus fever caused by Rickettsia prowazekii; Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. o Food spoilage microbes o Host of organisms that essentially deteriorate materials like optical lenses, iron pipes and wood fillings.