introduction of Bioinformatics

Fundamentals of Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics is the unified discipline formed from the combination of biology,
computer science, and information technology.
 Bioinformatics is often defined as the application of computational techniques to
understand and organise the information associated with biological macromolecules

Conti…..
 Bioinformatics differs from a related field known as computational biology.
 Computational Biology Definition
 “Computational Biology: Refers to the aspect of developing
algorithms(mathematical formulas) and statistical model which is
necessary to analyze biological data through the aid of computers.
 bioinformatics involves the technology that uses computers for storage,
retrieval, manipulation, and distribution of information related to
biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins.
 Bioinformatics is limited to sequence, structural, and functional analysis of
genes and genomes and their corresponding products
 However, computational biology encompasses all biological areas that
involve computation.

What can Bioinformatics do
 sequence alignment,
 gene finding,
 genome assembly,
 protein structure alignment,
 protein structure prediction,
 predict products of gene expression
 protein-protein interactions,
 the modeling of evolution.

Components of Bioinformatics
Components of Bioinformatics:
 Bioinformatics comprises three components:
1) Creation of databases:
 This involves the organizing, storage and management the
biological data sets.
 The databases are accessible to researchers to know the
existing information and submit new entries, e.g. protein
sequence data bank for molecular structure.
 Databases will be of no use until analysed.

2) Development of algorithms and statistics:
 This involves the development of tools and resources to
determine the relationship among the members of large
data sets
 e.g. comparison of protein sequence data with the
already existing protein sequences.

3) Analysis of data and interpretation:
 The appropriate use of components to analyse the data
and interpret the results in a biologically meaningful
manner.
 This includes DNA, RNA and protein sequences, protein
structure, gene expression profiles and biochemical
pathways.

Systematic management of data
 Bioinformatics plays an important role in systematic management of huge
data.
 Bioinformatics is useful in handling of such data in several ways as follows:
 (i) It maintains the data of several locations and several years in a systematic
way.
 (ii) It permits addition, deletion and updating of information.
 (iii) It helps in storage and retrieval of data.
 (iv) It also helps in classification of PGR based on various criteria.
 (v) It helps in retrieval of data belonging to specific group such as early
maturity, late maturity, dwarf types, tall types, resistant to biotic stresses,
resistant to abiotic stresses, genotypes with superior quality, genotypes with
marker genes, etc.
 All such data can be easily managed by computer aided programmes and can
be manipulated to get meaningful results.

Level of Organization in Bioinformatics

Level of Organization in Bioinformatics
 Level of Organization in Bioinformatics
 Basically there are two sub-fields in bioinformatics:
 Computational Bioinformatics
 Application Bioinformatics
 Computational Bioinformatics
 It refers to all the computational work done so as to develop an
application that is aimed to address certain problems in biology.
Computational Bioinformatics further has the following levels:
 Algorithm and Software Development: To solve any problem we first
must have a strategy to tackle the problem. For this algorithm of the
application is a must. Here people with different expertise work
together to develop an algorithm.

Conti….
 Database Construction and Curation: Any information
generated in the lab must be stored in a database for easy
retrieval in the future.
 Database is a place where one can store related
information which makes the information much more
meaningful and help in the future development.
 There are countless public databases that focus on
different levels or types of biological information.

Application Bioinformatics:
 Various bioinformatics application can be categorized under following groups:
 Sequence Analysis
 Function Analysis
 Structure Analysis

Conti….
 Sequence Analysis: All the applications that analyzes
various types of sequence information and can compare
between similar types of information is grouped under
Sequence Analysis.
 Function Analysis: These applications analyze the
function contained within the sequences and helps to
predict the functional interaction between various
proteins or genes.
 Structure Analysis: It is devoted to predict the structure
and possible roles of these structures of Proteins or RNA.

Branches of Bioinformatics
 Branches of Bioinformatics:
 The science of bioinformatics can be
divided into several branches based
on the experimental material used
for the study.
 Bioinformatics is broadly divided into
three closely related branches
 genomics,
 transcriptomics,
 proteomics,

Genomics
Study on genomics
 The study of structure and function of entire genome of an organism is referred to
as genomics.
 Genomics play a significant role in modern biological research in which the
nucleotide sequences of all the chromosomes of an organism are mapped and the
location of different genes and their sequences are determined.
 This involves extensive analysis of the nucleic acids through molecular biology
techniques before the data are ready for processing by computers.
 Genomics uses the techniques of molecular biology and bioinformatics to identify
cellular components such as proteins, rRNA, tRNA, etc., and analyse the sequences
attributed to the structural genes, regulatory sequences, and even non-coding
sequences.
 It is a science that attempts to describe a living organism in terms of the sequence
of its genome

Conti….
 The discipline of genomics consists of three groups, viz:
 (i) Comparative genomics
 (ii)Structural genomics and
 (ii) Functional genomics.

Conti….
 These are defined below:
(i) Comparative genomics
 This kind of studies deals with the finding of differences and similarities between the whole
genome of multiple species in order to know about species and its evolution.
(ii) Structural Genomics:
 It deals with the study of the structure of entire genome of an organism.
 In other words, it deals with the study of the genetic structure of each chromosome
 (ii) Functional Genomics:
 It deals with the study of genome function. It deals with transcriptome and proteome.
 The insertion of the crystal protein genes from Bacillus thuringiensis in the genomes of
several crop plants for pest resistance was the outcome of functional genomics.

Conti….
 It helps us to understand the function of human genes, the
genes of the rice plant, and other organisms;
 Identify genes responsible for the production of specific
antibodies
 and produce vaccines for mass inoculation.
 It is now possible to identify the genes responsible for
pathogenesis in the genomes of parasites and to produce
DNA vaccines based on this information.

Proteomics
Studies on Proteomics:
 Proteomics refers to the study of structures and functions of all
proteins in an individual. In other words, it deals with the study of
entire protein expression in an organism
Proteomics is of two types, viz:
 (i) Structural proteomics
 (ii) Functional proteomics.
 These are defined below:
(i) Structural Proteomics:
 It refers to the study of the structures of all proteins found in a living
organism.

Conti….
(ii) Functional Proteomics:
 It deals with functions of all proteins found in a living organism.
 In fact, proteomics is a new sub-discipline of functional
genomics. It is the study of proteomes which refer to complete
set of proteins encoded by a genome.
 A variety of techniques are used for the study of proteomics.
 Now computer aided programmes are available for the study of
proteomics.

Transcriptomics
Transcriptomics
 Transcriptomics is the study of the transcriptome, which
includes
 the whole set of mRNA molecules (or transcripts) in one or a
population of biological cells for a given set of environmental
circumstances.
 This study helps us to depict the expression level of genes,
often using techniques such as DNA microarrays, that is capable
of sampling tens of thousands of different mRNAs at a time.
 This kind of new technique has helped biologists to routinely
monitor the gene expression of cells over time

Conti….
Techniques for Transcriptome Analysis
 High throughput techniques based on DNA chip/microarray
technology (i.e., cDNA microarrays, oligo microarrays),
cDNA- AFLP (cDNA-amplified fragment length
polymorphism) analysis,
 and a new technique MPSS (massively parallel signature
sequencing) are used for transcriptome analysis.

introduction of Bioinformatics

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