Introduction to bioinformatics and databases .pptx
- 2. Central dogma of Molecular Biology Central dogma of Bioinformatics SEQUENCE STRUCTURE FUNCTION DNA RNA PROTEIN
- 4. Can Bioinformatics be really defined!
- 5. Bio- Life/ Living Organisms Informatics- Information system or Information flow Bioinformatics – Application of information technology to the storage, retrieval and analysis of biological information, Facilitated by the use of computers WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS?
- 6. What is Bioinformatics? Mathematics and Statistics Biology Computer Science
- 7. Integrative Science Co mp ute r Scie nce & Inf orm atio n Tec hno log y Bio log y Mat he mat ics & Stat isti cs Ph ysi cs & Ch em istr y Bioinfo rmatics Information Transduction (Data converge flow)
- 8. ✔The development of Bioinformatics started with the networking of computers and accumulation of data on genes and proteins.
- 9. Definitions of Bioinformatics. • Bioinformatics is the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline. •Is the Science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computing Techniques.
- 10. •The mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological problems using DNA and amino acids sequences and related information •Bioinformatics is a computer-assisted interface discipline dealing with the storage, management, access and processing of molecular biology data.
- 11. History of Bioinformatics • 1933 Process of Electrophoresis for separating proteins in a solution introduced by Tiselius • 1951 Structure for the alpha-helix and beta-sheet proposed by Pauling and Corey • 1953 Double helix model for DNA proposed by Watson and Crick • 1965 Margaret Dayhoff's Atlas of protein sequences • 1970 Details of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for sequence comparison published • 1973 Announcement of the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank • 1981 Smith-Waterman algorithm developed
- 12. Contd.. • 1981 The concept of a sequence motif (Doolittle) • 1982 GenBank Release 3 made public • 1985 FASTP/FASTN: fast sequence similarity searching • 1986 Term "Genomics" appeared for the first time • 1986 PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) described by Kary Mullis and co-workers • 1988 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) created at NIH/NLM • 1988 EMBnet network for database distribution • 1990 BLAST: fast sequence similarity searching by Altshul • 1991 EST: expressed sequence tag sequencing • 1993 Sanger Centre, Hinxton, UK
- 13. Contd.. • 1994 EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK • 1996 Yeast genome completely sequenced • 1997 PSI-BLAST • 1999 Fly genome completely sequenced • 2000 The A. thaliana genome (100 Mb) • 2001 The human genome (3 Giga base pairs) is published • 2003 Human Genome Project completed • 2004 The draft genome sequence of the brown Norway laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, was completed by the Rat Genome Sequencing project Consortium
- 14. Biological Databases A biological database is a collection of both experimental and theoretical data that is organized so that its contents can be easily 1.Accessed 2.Managed 3.Updated 4.Retrieved Sequence Database Structure Database Specialized Database
- 15. Some genome sizes ⦿ HIV2 virus 9671 bp ⦿ Mycoplasma genitalis 5.8 · 105 bp ⦿ Haemophilus influenzae 1.83 · 106 bp ⦿ Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.21 · 107 bp ⦿ Drosophila melanogaster 1.65 · 108 bp ⦿ Homo sapiens 3.14 · 109 bp ⦿ Some amphibians 8 · 1010 bp ⦿ Amoeba dubia 6.7 · 1011 bp
- 16. Types Of Databases Based on the contents it can be divided into • Nucleotide Sequence databases-GenBank • Protein Sequence databases-Swissprot • Macromolecular 3D structures-PDB,NDB • Gene expression data-EST,STS • Metabolic pathways-KEGG • Complete Genomes-TIGR • Literature databases-PUBmed
- 17. Omics Series….. • Genomics – Gene identification & charaterization • Transcriptomics – Expression profiles of mRNA • Proteomics – functions & interactions of proteins • Structural Genomics – Large scale structure determination • Cellinomics - Metabolic Pathways, cell-cell interactions • Pharmacogenomics – Genome-based drug design
- 18. Major Research Efforts & Applications
- 19. Applications of sequence analysis ⦿ assembly of sequence data ⦿ Identification of functional elements in sequences, ⦿ gene prediction ⦿ Sequence comparison ⦿ Classification of proteins ⦿ Comparative genomics ⦿ RNA structure prediction ⦿ Protein structure prediction ⦿ Evolutionary history
- 20. Structure Analysis Why? ◆ Structure is believed to be more closely related to function of proteins ◆ Predicting the function of proteins is a key challenge facing computational biology ◆ Much of the benefits of molecular biology will depend on predicting and understanding the functions of proteins ◆ The potential benefits of computationally predicting functions is huge Faster and cheaper than experimentation
- 21. MOLECULAR VISUALIZATION •The Molecular Visualization tools allows the user to load and view in Three Dimensional detail, the structure of molecules-both chemical and Biological. •Powerful Teaching Tool.
- 22. RASMOL Roger Sayle Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Stevenage, Hertfordshire, U.K • RasMol is a molecular graphics program intended for the visualisation of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules.
- 23. Thrust areas of Bioinformatics?? ❑ Genomics ❑ Proteomics ❑ Pharmacogenomics ❑ Drug Designing ❑ Medical Informatics ❑ Agro Informatics ❑ Phylogeny ❑ DNA Micro arrays ❑ Neural Networks ❑ Large Genome projects
- 24. Challenges of working in bioinformatics ⦿Need to feel comfortable in interdisciplinary area ⦿Depend on others for primary data ⦿Need to address important biological and computer science problems
- 25. • First there was invivo biology, then came invitro and the discipline now is INSILICO. Conclusion