Introduction of Roughages and concentrates
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This document discusses animal nutrition and feeding practices. It covers the characteristics of roughages and concentrates. Roughages like hay are high in cell wall material and crude fiber but low in digestibility. Silage making involves harvesting crops at the proper maturity, chopping them, adding moisture to about 60%, and sealing in an air tight container to ferment. Concentrates provide protein and calories. The requirements for roughages and concentrates depend on the type and productivity of the animal. On average, dry cows require 2 kg of roughage per 100 kg body weight while lactating cows require 2.5-3 kg.
Introduction of Roughages and concentrates
- 1. ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDING PRACTICES Boby Basnet Assistant Professor Animal Science Ilam Community Agriculture Campus Purbanchal University
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS ✓High content of cell wall material. ✓High crude fiber content and low digestibility of nutrients. ✓The cell wall fraction may have variable composition but contains appreciale amounts of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, silica and other compound. ✓Removal of lignin with chemical methods increase digestibility. ✓There is negative relation of silica to fiber digestibility. ✓For dairy cattle for every 10 kg of good quality greens, 1 kg concentrates can be cut from the concentrates quota with additional advantage of dry matter , TDN, minerals and vitamins in favour of greens.
- 4. GREEN ROUGHAGES a. Pasture: ➢Heteropogan contortus, Cynadon dacttylon, Imperata cylindrica, Eragrostis unioloides, Rumex nepalensis, Potentilla lineta b. Cultivated Fodder crops: ➢Lucerne, Berseem,soybean, clover, centro, cowpea, stylo (legume) ➢Barley, oat, sorghum, teosinte, napier, para grass, bajra, maize (non-legume) c. Tree leaves: Jackfruit, Banayan, Peepal, Coffee, Neem d. Root crops and tubers: Carrot, radish,Turnips E. Silage-A fermentive product.
- 5. DRY ROUGHAGES 1. Hay ➢A method of conserving green crops is hay making. ➢Moisture: 15-20% ➢Types: Leguminous, Non-leguminous hayand Mixed hay ➢Lucernce is best among leguminous. ➢Hay making process: a. Harvesting b. Curing c. Storage 2. Straw, and bhusa ➢ Ligin, hemicellose, cellulose responsible for low digestibility ➢Example: Padddy straw, wheat straw, gram bhusa etc.
- 6. SILAGE MAKING PROCESS ▪ Harvest at proper stage of maturity-flowering stage ▪ Cut at proper length- 3 to 5 cm ▪ Control the moisture content: 35-40% dry matter, 60-65% moisture content. ▪ Additives can be added- Urea (0.5%), Limestone(0.5%),Molasses (3.5-4%). ▪ Filling-silo, plastic bag ▪ Distribute forage uniformly in the silo ▪ Sealing of silo. ▪ Remove
- 8. CONCENTRATES PROTEIN RICH CONCENTRATES A. Plant proteins: ➢Oilseed meal ➢Groundnut meal ➢Cotton seed cake ➢Mustard cake ➢Coconut cake ➢Sesame cake ➢Soybean cake
- 9. CONCENTRATES B. Animal Proteins ➢Meat meal ➢Blood meal ➢Feather meal ➢Hatchery meal ➢Fish meal ➢Bone meal
- 10. TOTAL DRY MATTER INTAKE Total dry matter requirement 2/3 R 2/3 Dry R 1/3 Green R 1/3 C 2/3 CHO 1/3 protein
- 11. REQUIREMENT Roughage (Dry matter) ▪ Average DM requirement of local dry cow/buffalo 2kg/100 kg. ▪ Average DM requirement of lactating cow/buffalo 2.5 kg/100 kg. ▪ Average DM requirement of crossbreed dry cow/buffalo 2.5 kg/100 kg. ▪ Average DM requirement of crossbreed dry cow/buffalo 3 kg/100 kg. Concentrate ▪ Maintenance: 1-1.5kg/100 kg-local cow and crossbred cow and buffalo ▪ Lactating animal: 1kg, additional concentrate 2.5 kg/100kg for buffalo to 3kg/100kg for cow. ▪ Pregnant cows/buffalo: 1.5kg/day extra concentrate to meet extra nutrients for growth of foetus. ▪ Breeding bull: 1 kg/day extra concentrate to maintain good health and sex libidio. ▪ Mineral mixture and common salt @ 25-50 gm.