![true.
! – Logical NOT results in a true if the operand is false and vice
versa.
xyx &&
ytruetruetruetruefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsexyx ||
ytruetruetruetruefalsetruefalsetruetruefalsefalsefalsex!xtruefalse
falsetrue
Logical AND
[ x && y ]
Logical OR
[ x || y ]
Example – Refer to Example #1 (simplest)
if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH && digitalRead(3) == HIGH) {
// if BOTH the switches read HIGH
// statements
}
if (x > 0 || y > 0) {
// if either x or y is greater than zero
// statements
}
if (!x) {
// if x is not true
// statements
}
Note: In C/C++ language, the second argument is evaluated,
only if the first argument is false. In other words, when the
first argument is true, the second argument will not be
evaluated. This is called the short-circuit evaluation (or](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontoarduinomicrocontrollersarduinoproduc-230107175839-992a79d8/85/Introduction-To-ARDUINO-MicrocontrollersArduino-Produc-docx-8-320.jpg)
![Additive Manufacturing
40
40
Additive Manufacturing Benefits[1]
41
Kinsella, Mary E., “Additive Manufacturing of Superalloys for
Aerospace Applications”. March 2008
Additive Manufacturing - why?
Building parts with very complex geometries without any sort
of tools or fixtures, and without producing any waste material
The geometrical freedom allowed to engineer/design the part as
you envision it, without manufacturing constraints. This can be
translated to extreme light-weight designs, reduced part counts
Lightness is critical in making aircraft. A reduction of 1 kg in
the weight of an airliner will save around $3,000 worth of fuel a
year and by the same token cut carbon-dioxide emissions. AM
could help build greener aircraft.
Cost-effectiveness - a very energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly manufacturing route
Application includes Medical Implants, Aerospace, Industry ,
& Automobile
42
Detailed Gas Turbine[2]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontoarduinomicrocontrollersarduinoproduc-230107175839-992a79d8/85/Introduction-To-ARDUINO-MicrocontrollersArduino-Produc-docx-16-320.jpg)
![43
“Unison: A Leading Supplier, Engine Components & Systems”.
http://www.unisonindustries.com/systems/index.html
Critical Components – Candidates for AM[3]
Augmentors, Combustors, Compressor Stators, Accessory
Gearboxes, Drive and turbine shafts, ducts, fan and turbine
frames, fan stator and diffuser cases
High-valued turbo-engine components like casings and vanes as
well as rotating parts like blades, rotors, disks and BLISKs
(BLade Integrated DiSKs).
44
Use of 3D Rapid Prototyping for University of Hartford UAV
Project
Gallery of Sub-Assembly Photographs / Drawings
Prototype parts were fabricated at the University of Hartford
with our 3D Rapid Prototype System
Tail assemblies and many of the metal parts were fabricated at
BML Machine Tool in Monroe CT, a shop that already had
ARDEC and Picatinny contracts.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontoarduinomicrocontrollersarduinoproduc-230107175839-992a79d8/85/Introduction-To-ARDUINO-MicrocontrollersArduino-Produc-docx-17-320.jpg)
Introduction To ARDUINO MicrocontrollersArduino Produc.docx
- 1. Introduction To ARDUINO Microcontrollers Arduino Products, <http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products> What is a Microcontroller? A small, low cost computer that exists on a single integrated circuit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Data/program storage capacity RAM and/or ROM Programmable Inputs & Outputs (I/O) Designed to perform one dedicated function/program Usually embedded into the desired system Arduino UNO Rev.3 I/O pins 14 digital input/output pins (6 PWM pins) 6 analog inputs USB connection Programming and powering the board (during programming and testing) External power jack AC-to-DC adapter or battery operation O.D. 5.5 mm and Center Positive 2.1 mm
- 2. Supported Arduino documents on their website http://www.arduino.cc/ Arduino Software (or Arduino IDE) Arduino Integrated Development Environment Can be downloaded from their site (https://www.arduino.cc/) for FREE!!! Open-source software Availability of resources! Compatible with Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux Arduino Playground (wiki contribution from Arduino users) Arduino programming = C language Opening & Setting up an Arduino IDE Double click on the “Arduino” icon to open the program The first thing to check is under “Tools” (from the top menu) Under the “Tools” Tab check to see that “Board:” is set to “Arduino/Genuino Uno”
- 3. Setting up an Arduino IDE Under the “Tools” Tab check that “Port” Set to “COM## (Arduino/Genuino Uno)” Note: COM number may change depending on the computer Part 1 – Definitions and Declarations Part 2 – Setup Function Part 3 – Loop Function Serial Monitor: Opens Serial Monitor Window Review: Breadboard Layout Images provided by: http://computers.tutsplus.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a- breadboard-and-build-a-led-circuit--mac-54746
- 4. Other “Arduino” family members SainSmart UNO R3 OLIMEXINO-328 Freeduino The Ruggeduino Control Structure Conditional “if” Statement Description – if…else… The if statement checks for a condition and executes the proceeding statement or set of statements if the condition is ‘true’. https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/structure/control- structure/if/ Bill Gates explains if & if/else statements https://youtu.be/m2Ux2PnJe6E if (someCondition) { // do stuff if the condition is true }
- 5. Condition #1 Simplest “if” statement Statement(s) End if True FalseComparison OperatorsMeaningx == yx is equal to yx != yx is not equal to yx < yx is less than yx > yx is greater than yx <= yx is less than or equal to yx >= yx is greater than or equal to y Note: Single (=) and double (==) are different. Single equal sign is the assignment operator. Double equal sign is the comparison operator. Example if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH); Note: The brackets ( {} ) may be omitted after an if statement. If this is done, the next line (defined by the semicolon) becomes the ONLY conditional statement. if (x > 120){ digitalWrite(LEDpin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(LEDpin2, HIGH); } if (x > 120){ digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH); } if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH); #2 if…else variation if (someCondition) { // do stuff if the condition is true } else { // do stuff if the condition is false } Condition Statement(s)
- 6. End if True False Statement(s) #3 Nested if…else statement if (Condition_1) { // do stuff if the condition_1 is true } else if (Condition_2) { // do stuff only if the first condition is false // and the second condition is true } else { // do stuff only if the first condition is false // and the second condition is false } Condition_1 Statement(s) End if True False Statement(s) Condition_2 True False Statement(s) #3 Nested if…else statement Example – Conditionals with Cards if (CARD is lower than 5) { if (CARD is BLACK) { Award YOUR team the same number of points on the card.
- 7. } else { Award OTHER team 1 point. } } else { if (CARD is HEARTS) { Award YOUR team 1 point. } } Conditionals with Cards https://youtu.be/TbUaEnAYPjI CARD is lower than 5 Award YOUR team the same number of points on the card. End if True False Award YOUR team 1 point. True False CARD is BLACK True False Award OTHER team 1 point. CARD is HEARTS Conditionals with Cards https://youtu.be/TbUaEnAYPjI #4 if statement and Logical operators Evaluate 2 different conditions altogether Logical (or Boolean) Operators && – Logical AND results in true only if both operands are true. || – Logical OR results in a true if either of the two operands is
- 8. true. ! – Logical NOT results in a true if the operand is false and vice versa. xyx && ytruetruetruetruefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsexyx || ytruetruetruetruefalsetruefalsetruetruefalsefalsefalsex!xtruefalse falsetrue Logical AND [ x && y ] Logical OR [ x || y ] Example – Refer to Example #1 (simplest) if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH && digitalRead(3) == HIGH) { // if BOTH the switches read HIGH // statements } if (x > 0 || y > 0) { // if either x or y is greater than zero // statements } if (!x) { // if x is not true // statements } Note: In C/C++ language, the second argument is evaluated, only if the first argument is false. In other words, when the first argument is true, the second argument will not be evaluated. This is called the short-circuit evaluation (or
- 9. minimal evaluation). Example – Combining #3 and #4 if (temperature >= 70) { //Danger! Shut down the system } else if (temperature >= 60 && temperature < 70) { //Warning! User attention required } else { //Safe! Continue usual tasks... } Make sure the evaluation order does matter!! If this expression is following… else if (temp < 70 && temp >= 60) Will you be able to see “Safe!” statement? Additional Self Study Materials… Arduino Code: Conditional Statements by SparkFun Electronics https://youtu.be/YktSocf2vSc Arduino Programming: Logical Operators by SparkFun Electronics https://youtu.be/K49Z9cIUbN0 Create a flow chart in PowerPoint 2013 by Microsoft https://support.office.com/en-us/article/af4e3f4c-3854-486a- 88ff-eb35692663dc
- 10. 3d Printing / Additive Manufacturing: Exploration of Form Feature and Geometry Limits 28 Traditional Machining Process Stock Material-Metal Drawing Machining Resulting part 29 CNC Machining Process Stock Materia- Metall Computer Aided Design (CAD) 3D Solid Model G code file generated Resulting Part Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Model- Tool Path Generation and Simulation
- 11. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining Tool Path Generation 30 3D Printing Process Stock Material: PLA Plastic Filament spool Resulting Part MakerBot Desktop Software MakerBot 3D Printing Machine Computer Aided Design (CAD) 3D Solid Model- SolidWorks STL file 31 History of 3D Printing
- 12. What is the difference between processes? Making sense of the additive manufacturing “alphabet soup” (and exposing our industry’s dirty little secret): AM, 3DP, DMLS, SLM, DMLM, SLS….. OMG? The Additive Manufacturing (AM) world loves acronyms. The vast majority of metal printers in use today are based on Powder Bed Fusion Technology. A layer of fine metal powder is spread across a machine bed. The selected regions of the powder layer are then fused to the layer beneath them. The process repeats layer by layer until the entire part is built within the powder bed. Unfused powder is removed to reveal the finished parts on the build plate. The melting is typically done with a high power laser. With that background, here’s the secret: on today’s systems they all refer to the same process. Common trademarked acronyms you will come across include Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM), and Laser Cusing. 3D Printing Technologies 33 3D Printing Technologies BJ- Binder Jetting LM- Laser Melting EBM- Electron Beam Melting SL- Sterolithography PJ- PolyJet Modeling FDM- Fuse Deposition Modeling LS- Laser Sintering MJ- MutiJet Modeling
- 13. Each 3D printer is unique!! Majority of the time, 3D printer comes with its special software (i.e., slicer and controller) Cetus3D UpStudio MakerBot Replicator Series MakerBot Print Ultimaker Cura 35 36 SHELLS AND INFILL Print settings can dramatically change the strength, appearance, print time, and other properties of your printed parts. Shells are the perimeter on each layer; they make up the walls of your part. Infill is the internal structure of your part. You can set the infill of your part to be anywhere from 0% (hollow) to 100% (solid). Increasing the infill and number of shells will make your parts stronger, but will increase print time and filament use.
- 14. PRINTED PYRAMID 10% Infill / 02 Shells without supports PRINTED PYRAMID 0% Infill 08 Shells PRINTED PYRAMID 25% Infill 02 Shells PRINTED PYRAMID 02% Infill 02 Shells PRINTED PYRAMID 50% Infill 02 Shells 37 MINFILL OPTION 38 SUPPORTS AND RAFTS Supports are printed scaffolding for overhangs. If your model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees (measured from the vertical axis) then you will need to print with supports. A raft
- 15. helps the part adhere to the build plate by laying down an even, flat foundation to print on. 3D Model: The T model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees and needs support material. The Y model does not need support material. Supports: After printing, the T will needs support material removed. Both printed with rafts. Final Print: Final parts after removing supports and rafts. Cost Estimation – 3D Printing Material (material only) Q: How much does 3D printed part cost, if printed part is 7 gram? Note: Using 1kg of $17 PLA filament Ans. About 12 cents Memo: In the actual manufacturing process, cost estimation is not only material itself and involves many other factors: human labor fee, machine running cost, other production costs… Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a form of direct manufacturing which involves rapid prototyping. Using AM, we can build functional, efficient, and effective components directly from CAD models. AM uses computer controlled, layer-by-layer material deposition, which is a process that utilizes a laser to deposit a layer of material onto a substrate. Many users, who had been experimenting AM are still using them for prototyping rather than production. Educating companies on opportunities for creating a component by additive process is a hard challenge.
- 16. Additive Manufacturing 40 40 Additive Manufacturing Benefits[1] 41 Kinsella, Mary E., “Additive Manufacturing of Superalloys for Aerospace Applications”. March 2008 Additive Manufacturing - why? Building parts with very complex geometries without any sort of tools or fixtures, and without producing any waste material The geometrical freedom allowed to engineer/design the part as you envision it, without manufacturing constraints. This can be translated to extreme light-weight designs, reduced part counts Lightness is critical in making aircraft. A reduction of 1 kg in the weight of an airliner will save around $3,000 worth of fuel a year and by the same token cut carbon-dioxide emissions. AM could help build greener aircraft. Cost-effectiveness - a very energy-efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing route Application includes Medical Implants, Aerospace, Industry , & Automobile 42 Detailed Gas Turbine[2]
- 17. 43 “Unison: A Leading Supplier, Engine Components & Systems”. http://www.unisonindustries.com/systems/index.html Critical Components – Candidates for AM[3] Augmentors, Combustors, Compressor Stators, Accessory Gearboxes, Drive and turbine shafts, ducts, fan and turbine frames, fan stator and diffuser cases High-valued turbo-engine components like casings and vanes as well as rotating parts like blades, rotors, disks and BLISKs (BLade Integrated DiSKs). 44 Use of 3D Rapid Prototyping for University of Hartford UAV Project Gallery of Sub-Assembly Photographs / Drawings Prototype parts were fabricated at the University of Hartford with our 3D Rapid Prototype System Tail assemblies and many of the metal parts were fabricated at BML Machine Tool in Monroe CT, a shop that already had ARDEC and Picatinny contracts.
- 18. Use of 3D Rapid Prototyping for University of Other Hartford Projects Material Testing BE260W Biomed Engineering Materials Tension and compression tests PLA (Polylactic Acid) samples Biodegradable thermoplastic Processed from corn starch, sugarcane, or other plants that can create starch Based on the preliminary test in D129 and simple assessment: PLA with 20% infill density: EPLA 20% = 167,309 psi ≈ 167 ksi PLA with 99% infill density: EPLA 99% = 226,796 psi ≈ 227 ksi Both reasonably within the range of MatWeb’s data (from 12.3 to 2,000 ksi) Rapid prototyping – I beam design Once simple parametric model is developed and 3D-printed, you can see, touch, and feel it https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/american-wide-flange- steel-beams-d_1318.html
- 19. Rapid prototyping – Airfoil design Import mathematically determined airfoil design using a CSV data file http://airfoiltools.com/plotter/index Rapid prototype – Skyline Diffuser mh-audio.nl/Acoustics/DiffusorCalculator.asp Rapid prototype - Enclosure Example – Topological Model Questions ???? Additional Material 57
- 20. 58 PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT MAKERBOT PRINT MAKERBOT PRINT Select Printer: Click on the printer menu to view your active printers. Select add a printer to add a new printer to your list. Add a network printer to browse from printers already on your network via WiFi or Ethernet. Connect via IP address to add a printer using its IP, this can be found on the MakerBot Replicator+ onscreen menu. Add an unconnected printer if you plan on transferring files to your printer via USB stick. Insert Files: Open the project panel and select add models. Alternatively, you can drag and drop files directly into MakerBot Print’s main window from your computer. File Types: Both Mac and PC users can import .STL files. PC users can import native CAD files from programs like SolidWorks® and Autodesk Inventor ®.
- 21. 59 PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT MAKERBOT PRINT TIP: Place models as close to the center of the build plate as possible. Group models as close together as possible without overlapping, arrange build plate is useful for arranging lots of models. TIP: Print modes are a set of recommended print settings. For more advanced control, select the add a custom setting button to create your own custom print modes. MAKERBOT PRINT Settings: Select your print mode, extruder type, and toggle support material on/off. Print settings will affect the strength, surface quality, weight, print time, and other properties of your printed parts. We recommend always printing with rafts on.
- 22. Layout: Arrange models on your build plate(s) using the arrange, orient, and scale menus. Rotate your models so that the largest flat surface is touching the build plate. Try using place face on build plate in the orient menu to help. 60 MAKERBOT PRINT TIP: Place models as close to the center of the build plate as possible. Group models as close together as possible without overlapping, arrange build plate is useful for arranging lots of models. TIP: Print modes are a set of recommended print settings. For more advanced control, select the add a custom setting button to create your own custom print modes.
- 23. MAKERBOT PRINT Settings: Select your print mode, extruder type, and toggle support material on/off. Print settings will affect the strength, surface quality, weight, print time, and other properties of your printed parts. We recommend always printing with rafts on. Layout: Arrange models on your build plate(s) using the arrange, orient, and scale menus. Rotate your models so that the largest flat surface is touching the build plate. Try using place face on build plate in the orient menu to help. PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT 61 SHELLS AND INFILL Print settings can dramatically change the strength, appearance, print time, and other properties of your printed parts. Shells are the perimeter on each layer; they make up the walls of your part. Infill is the internal structure of your part. You can set the infill of your part to be anywhere from 0% (hollow) to 100% (solid). Increasing the infill and number of shells will make your parts stronger, but will increase print time and filament use.
- 24. PRINTED PYRAMID 10% Infill / 02 Shells without supports PRINTED PYRAMID 0% Infill 08 Shells PRINTED PYRAMID 25% Infill 02 Shells PRINTED PYRAMID 02% Infill 02 Shells PRINTED PYRAMID 50% Infill 02 Shells 62 MINFILL OPTION 63 SUPPORTS AND RAFTS Supports are printed scaffolding for overhangs. If your model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees (measured from the vertical axis) then you will need to print with supports. A raft helps the part adhere to the build plate by laying down an even, flat foundation to print on.
- 25. 3D Model: The T model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees and needs support material. The Y model does not need support material. Supports: After printing, the T will needs support material removed. Both printed with rafts. Final Print: Final parts after removing supports and rafts. 64 MAKERBOT PRINT MAKERBOT PRINT Print: Use the print button to print directly to connected printers or to export files for offline printers (this will appear as export if you’ve selected an unconnected printer). Monitor your print progress by navigating to the printer menu and watching the live camera feed. You can also monitor via the MakerBot ® Mobile™ app. PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT
- 26. 65 PRE-PRINT CHECKLIST SOFTWARE HARDWARE 01. Add Files: Click File > Insert File or drag and drop right onto the build plate 05. Install Build Plate: Load your build plate onto the Z-stage and confirm it’s snug 02. Arrange: Organize objects by dragging or using Arrange Build Plate 03. Print Settings: Adjust your print settings to change print speed and quality
- 27. 04. Print Estimates and Preview: Double check print time and material usage by checking Print Preview. 06. Attach MakerBot Smart Extruder+: Confirm that the Smart Extruder+ is attached properly 07. Calibrate MakerBot Smart Extruder+: If you’ve just attached a Smart Extruder+, run a Z Calibration. On the printer, select Settings > Calibration > Calibrate Z Offset 08. Load Filament: Select Filament > Load Filament. Then, ensure that the filament is seated in the drawer, fed through the guide tube, and securely inserted into
- 28. the Smart Extruder+ when prompted. 66 POST-PRINT CHECKLIST 09. Remove Build Plate: Slide the build plate toward you to remove it from the Z-stage 10. Remove Parts from Build Plate: Gently flex the build plate or use a thin craft spatula to remove parts 11. Discard Rafts and Support: Use your hands or tools to gently remove the raft and support materials from parts
- 29. Quick Guide of Cetus 3d Printer in the Maker Space (UT 320) Basic Steps Connect to the printer with a long USB cable from your own computer or the Makerspace Desktop You can disconnect once the print has begun Turn on the printer by hitting the on/off switch on the left of the Cetus3D Set up 3D print file in UpStudio Select position on plate, infill density, raft, etc… Print file ALWAYS REMEMBER Initialize the Cetus3D printer before each print Gently wipe down the print plate with a paper towel and 70% isopropyl alcohol before and after print Remove with metal spatula positioned flat and flush against print plate by pressing firmly but gently against the print Find “UPStudio” icon on desktop: 3D printing software for the Cetus 3D printer Software should recognize connected printer, but if not, go to setting section
- 30. Check printer serial number here and on the printer Click “UP” icon: moving into 3D print setting screen Scale Add Print Initialize Print Status Home Rotate Move Maintenance Calibration (No need for students’ general printing) Empty 3D printing space… Import your 3D object file in STL Select your model in STL format
- 31. Depending on the model, it may need some printing tweaks!! Many cases, relationship between Y-axis and Z-axis are changed, which is caused by a mismatch of coordinate setting in SolidWorks/Fusion and UPStudio. Also, scaling could be off, but it can be fixed by definition of 1 in = 25.4 mm. Rotate Think about the best orientation for 3D printing! Move Scale Once 3D object is set properly, move on to “Print Settings” Inside of object Raft When preview is promising, click “Print” to manufacture a part Automatically printing file will be transfer and start warming up
- 32. the nozzle heater Printing will be started, when the nozzle temperature reaches at 210°C See Cetus3D Quick Start Guide: https://www.cetus3d.com/quick-start-guide/ Note: Printer and nozzle height have already been calibrated for general 3D printing. Check the progress of printing and get a print-finish time (estimation)