Introduction to Complexation- Renu Saharan.ppt

UNIT - IV
Biosensor
(CO 1)
By: Ms. Renu Saharan
Assistant Professor
M.M College of Pharmacy
Programme: Pharmacy Course: B. Pharm. (Biosensor)

MMCP VISION
• “Providing technical and practice oriented pharmacy education to
prepare students with attributes to meet the need of industry and
society”
MMCP MISSION
• To develop best technically competent pharmacy professionals by
inculcating desired attributes in them for meeting industry demands.
• To make best pharmacists who can practice pharmacy to become
effective team member of healthcare system and provide optimum
pharmaceutical care solutions.
• Promotion of useful and innovative research to contribute in
development of nation and global society.

CO & PO (Pharmaceutical biotechnology-BP605T)
BP605. C.O- 1 Students will understand the importance of Immobilized enzymes, biosensor
and application in Pharmaceutical industries.
BP605. C.O- 2 To know the concept of Genetic Engineering, its techniques and applications in
relation to production of pharmaceuticals.
BP605. C.O- 3 To understand the concept immunity, importance of Monoclonal Antibodies in
Industries and various Blotting Techniques and introduction to microbial
biotransformation.
BP605. C.O- 4 Students will be able to explain the use of microorganisms in Fermentation
Technology and gain information about the Blood Products.
)

• BIOSENSOR

 Definition
 Introduction
 History
 Principle & working
 Features, properties & advantages
 Types
Content

Definition
• A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte,
that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
• CURRENT DEFINITION A sensor that integrates a biological element with a
physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte
which is then conveyed to a detector.

Introduction
• A biosensor is a sensing device comprised of a combination of a specific
biological element and a transducer.
• A specific biological element recognizes a specific analyte and the changes
in the biomolecule are usually converted into and electrical signal ( which
is in turn calibrated to a specific scale ) by a transducer.
• It detects, records and transmits information regarding a physiological
change or process.

Glucometer
•Current glucometers use test strips containing glucose oxidase, an enzyme that reacts to glucose in the blood
droplet,
•When the strip is inserted into the meter, the flux of the glucose reaction generates an electrical signal
•The glucometer is calibrated so the number appearing in its digital readout corresponds to the strength of the
electrical current
Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients)
Monitors the glucose level in the blood.
Pregnancy test
Detects the hCG protein in urine.

History of Biosensors
1916: First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption of invertase on activated charcoal
1922: First glass pH electrode
1956: Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen electrode.
1962: First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme electrodre for glucose (Clark)
1969: Guilbault and Montalvo – First potentiometric biosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea
1970: Bergveld – ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)
1975: Lubbers and Opitz described a fibre-optic sensor with immobilised indicator to measure carbon dioxide or oxygen.
1975 First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs Instruments glucose biosensor)
1975 First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor
1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)
1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases (Peterson)
1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose
1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor
1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor: ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for glucose detection
1987 Blood-glucose biosensor launched by MediSense ExacTech
1990 SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore
1992 Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT
1996 Launching of Glucocard
1998 Blood glucose biosensor launch by LifeScan FastTake
1998 Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche and Boehringer mannheim
Current Quantom dots, nanoparicles, nanowire, nanotube, etc

Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor
1. LINEARITY Linearity of the sensor should be high for the detection of high substrate concentration.
2. SENSITIVITY Value of the electrode response per substrate concentration.
3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be minimised for obtaining the correct result.
4. RESPONSE TIME Time necessary for having 95% of the response.
Features:
•The biocatalyst must be highly specific for the purpose of the analyses, be stable under normal storage conditions and,
except in the case of colorimetric enzyme strips
•The reaction should be as independent of such physical parameters as stirring, pH and temperature as is manageable.
This would allow the analysis of samples with minimal pre-treatment.
•The response should be accurate, precise, reproducible and linear over the useful analytical range, without dilution or
concentration. It should also be free from electrical noise.
•If the biosensor is to be used for invasive monitoring in clinical situations, the probe must be tiny and biocompatible,
having no toxic or antigenic effects. If it is to be used in fermenters it should be serializable. This is preferably performed
by autoclaving but no biosensor enzymes can presently withstand such drastic wet-heat treatment. In either case, the
biosensor should not be prone to fouling or proteolysis.
•The complete biosensor should be cheap, small, portable and capable of being used by semi-skilled operators.

Biosensor components

1. The Analyte What do you want to detect
Examples: bio-molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar, metal ion
2. Bio-element It is a typically complex chemical system usually extracted or derived directly from a
biological organism.
Types: Enzymes, Oxidase, Polysaccharide, Antibiotics, Tissue, Nucleic acid
Function: - To interact specifically with a target compound i.e compound to be detected.
- It must be capable of detecting the presence of a target compound in the test
solution.
- The ability of a bio-element to interact specifically with the target compound
(specifically) is the basis for biosensor.
Response From Bio-element - Heat absorbed (or liberated) during the interaction.
- Movement of electrons produced in a redox reaction.
- Light absorbed ( or liberated ) during the interaction.
- Effect due to mass of reactants or products.
3. Transducer It convert biological response in to an electrical signal.
1. Calorimetric Biosensor 2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor 4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor
Components

Piezo-electric devices use gold to detect the specific
angle at which electron waves are emitted when the
substance is exposed to laser light or crystals, such as
quartz, which vibrate under the influence of an electric
field.
The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of
absorbed material.
For applied current: Movement of e- in redox reactions
detected when a potential is applied between two
electrodes.
For voltage: Change in distribution of charge is detected
using ion-selective electrodes, such as pH-meters.
•Colorimetric for color
Measure change in light adsorption
•Photometric for light intensity
Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent
process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes
or photodiode systems.
If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic, two
thermistors may be used to measure the difference
in resistance between reactant and product and,
hence, the analyte concentration.
Piezo-Electric Biosensors
Electrochemical Biosensors
Potentiometric Biosensor
Optical Biosensors
Calorimetric Biosensors
Types of Biosensors
1. Calorimetric Biosensor 2. Potentiometric Biosensor
3. Amperometric Biosensor 4. Optical Biosensor
5. Piezo-electric Biosensor

Application of Biosensor
 Food Analysis
 Study of biomolecules and their interaction
 Drug Development
 Crime detection
 Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)
(both clinical and laboratory use)
 Environmental field monitoring
 Quality control
 Industrial Process Control
 Detection systems for biological warfare agents
 Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement
organs

The main area of interest of Biosensor is the Medicine, Clinical and Diagnostics applications. Electrochemical based Biosensors are commonly used in biochemical labs
and clinics to monitor and measure glucose levels as well as lactic acid.
Commercial Biosensor in the field of personal health care are becoming quite popular, especially, self-monitoring of blood glucose. The main advantage of this method
is the blood samples cannot be contaminated and also it is undiluted for more accurate results.
Earlier self-monitoring devices are one-time use applications i.e. test can be performed for a single time and the sensor must be disposed after that. But advances in this
field allows, reusable sensors for improved patient care.
Environmental Monitoring
One of the major application of Biosensor is in the field of Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Especially, water pollution monitoring is an area where Biosensors have
substantial advantage. There are numbering pollutants that are contaminating ground water and as a result the quality drinking water is getting worse.
Biosensors with sensing elements for nitrates and phosphates are becoming common for battling water pollutants.
Another important application is for the military to detect chemicals and hazardous biological specimens that can be used a bio-weapons.
Industrial Applications
Fermentation is a large industrial operation used in dairy, alcohol and other similar products. Large scale Bacteria and cell culture must be maintained for this purpose.
In order to minimize the cost of production and risk free fermentation, it is essential to monitor these delicate yet expensive processes.
Biosensors are designed to monitor and measure the generation of a fermented product.
Food Industry

Commercial Biosensors that can measure carbohydrates, acids, alcohol, etc. are already available in the market. Biosensors are used in food
industry for food quality control for measurement of amino acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, gases, etc.
Some of the common food industries are Wine, Beer, Yogurt, soft drinks etc.
Agriculture Industry
Biosensors in the field of agriculture are generally used for detection of pesticides.

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