Introduction to computer
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The document provides information about various components of a motherboard and computer networking concepts. It discusses motherboard components like the CPU, memory slots, chipset, BIOS and their functions. It also explains different types of computer networks like LAN, WAN, MAN and network topologies. Furthermore, it summarizes various internet connection types including dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless and their features. The document is aimed to provide essential information about motherboards, computer networks and internet connections.
Introduction to computer
- 1. SLIDES FOR FINAL TERM,
- 2. A Motherboard is the basically a printed circuit board used to connect different parts of a computer like the CPU, Memory, Mouse , Keyboard, Graphic Card and other peripheral devices through physical slots and interface connectors.
- 3. There are many components of motherboard, here we discussed some of them, 1.Video card 2.Battery/CMOS Battery 3.BIOS(Basic input output System) 4.Memory slots 5.CPU(Central Processing Unit) 6.Chipset 7.Power connection
- 4. It is used to enhance the quality of images showed on a display. It is attached to motherboard and control and calculate an images appearance on screen. It is also known as Graphic Card, Display card, Graphic adapter.
- 5. Motherboard also include a small separate block of memory made from RAM chips which kept alive by a battery(known as CMOS Battery),even when PC power off. CMOS very little power to operate.
- 6. BIOS is “Read Only” memory, which consists of low level software that control the system hardware and act as an interface between the Operating System and the hardware. Another name device driver or drivers. It a link between computer hardware and Software in a System.
- 7. Memory slots are vertical slots, typically 3 or 4,which usually are located at Motherboard. When program is opened, that program is loaded from the hard drive into RAM storage for quick Interval.
- 8. CPU is the unit which performs most of the processing in side a Computer, to control instructions and data flow to and from other parts of computer. It relies on chipsets components. It is also known as Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit.
- 10. A Chipsets is a Group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and from a PC’s key Components, these key can include the CPU itself, the main memory, the Secondary cache and any devices situated on the Buses. A computer has got two main chipsets: The NorthBridge, The SouthBridge,
- 11. Northbridge(also called Memory Controller) is in charge of controlling transfers between the Processor and the RAM. It is sometimes called the GMCH, for Graphic and Memory controller hub. Southbridge handles communications between slower peripheral devices. It is also called Input/output Controller hub or expansion controller.
- 12. Device that allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the Primary alternating current (AC) power in a building.
- 13. A Switch is a set of small switches in a DIP(dual in line package) that is used to connect the two devices. Switches are used to configure computer peripherals such as hard drivers, modems, Sound Card, Motherboards.
- 14. There are many components of computer, Input/output Storage Devices Monitor Speaker Processor RAM CD ROM Case/ Body Power Supply
- 15. Any of the signal or Information or data that is sent to a computer for processing is considered Input. Input is sent to computer using an input device. Output: Any information that has been processed by and sent out from a computer or other electronic device is considered output.
- 17. Storage devices is any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and object. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently. It is also called a storage medium or storage media.
- 18. A Monitor is an output device that display information in pictorial form and displays video, images and text. A monitor is made up of circuitry, a screen, a power supply, buttons to adjust settings. A Computer Speaker that connect to a computer to generate sound. The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the computer sound card.
- 19. An integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations that run in a computer. A processor are perform arithmetic, logical, Input/output and other basic instructions that are passed from operating system. The four primary functions of a processor are fetch, decode, execute and write back.
- 20. DVD(Digital Versatile Disc), “read only memory”, DVD is an optical disc technology with a 4.7 gigabyte storage capacity on a single sided, DVD will hold up to 17 gigabytes of video, audio, or other information. A compact disc (CD) is a portable storage medium that can be used to record, store and play back audio, video and other data in digital form. It has a capacity of 80 minutes of audio, or 650 megabytes (MB) to 700 MB of data.
- 21. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system, application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor.
- 22. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non- volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer.
- 23. There is one major difference between a ROM and a RAM chip: ROM can hold data without power and RAM cannot. Essentially, ROM is meant for permanent storage, and RAM is for temporary storage.
- 24. A computer case is a outer shell of a computer. This case is what the motherboard, hard drive, power supply, RAM etc. are mounted to make a computer.
- 25. A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric load. Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another. A power supply is also known as a power supply unit, power brick or power adapter
- 26. It is type of software that can use verity of task. It is not limited to one particular or specific function. It is used in home and offices. Example: Word Processor, Desktop Application, presentation software,
- 27. Graphic Software refers to program or set of programs that enables to person for manipulate graphic or images visually on computer. Example: Adobe Photoshop, or any other tool which is used in graphic designing.
- 28. Difference b/w internet And Web? Internet is introduced in 1969 by ARPA(Advance Research Project Agency). Internet is Comprehensive Network of Computer. It is refers to the Global Communication system, including Hardware and Infrastructure. WWW (World Wide Web), is much Newer which is conceptualized in 1990s, www is a collection of web Pages which is accessed by Internet. Web is one of the services communicated over the Internet.
- 29. The services provided by the Internet is used for interaction, business, marketing, downloading files, sending data etc. Various Internet services are electronic mail, World Wide Web (WWW), file transfer protocol (FTP), chat rooms, mailing list, Instant messaging, chat, and news groups.
- 30. Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information such as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet. Following diagram shows the four different categories of Internet Services.
- 32. The ranking is based on the popularity of e-commerce stores in terms of size rather than customer experience or any other subjective criterion. Daraz.pk. HomeShopping.pk. Yayvo. Goto. iShopping.pk. Symbios.pk. Mega.pk. ShopHive.com. Telemart.pk Clicky.pk
- 33. How to acquire a Connection? We are basically connoted with internet by Internet Service Provider(ISP), Internet Access Provider(IAP) and Wireless Service Provider(WSP).
- 34. ISP is a business or organization that provides access to Internet and related services to consumers. Mostly, an ISP is a telephone company. Common offer is Dialup and DSL Connection
- 35. A company that provides wireless Internet access to the users with wireless modems. BLUTETOOTH is a Short-range wireless connection that utilize Radio Frequency to transmit data between two electronic devices. Notebooks/laptops and cellular phones are example of wireless devices accessing the internet.
- 36. There are many types of internet connections, Dialup Cable Connection DSL Broadband Dedicated Leased Line ISDN Wireless Connection
- 37. Dial up connections are the most common type of Internet connection for home users. Dial up connection today are considered the slowest but the most inexpensive. Connection rates for Dial up modems tend to fall between 24 kbps to 56 kbps. Features of dial up Uses POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) Provides a low cost need based access. On the Customer Modem is connected to a Telephone Line. Achievable bandwidth depends on the line quality.
- 38. Cable connection offers very fast and reliable connections with fixed monthly fee. Because cable connections use a different medium to connect you to the Internet. Cable broadband Internet connections offer data transfer rates of approximately 1.5 Mbps up to 7.5 Mbps.
- 39. Digital Subscriber Line or DSL connections are becoming widely available and can provide you with an excellent Internet connection. The disadvantage of DSL connections can be costlier than dialup. DSL operates at 512 kbps up to 20 mbps. Features of DSL Used to provide point-to-point dedicated network connectivity. Analog leased line can provide maximum bandwidth of 9.6 Kbps. Digital leased lines can provide bandwidths 64 Kbps.
- 40. A dedicated leased line is a point-to-point high speed communication line that directly connects your computer to your ISP’s network. The speed of your internet access depends on the type of leased line you have. It is much more expensive than the DSL and Cable connection. Features of Dedicated Leased Line Used to provide point-to-point dedicated network connectivity. Digital leased lines can provide Bandwidths 64 Kbps.
- 41. ISDN Connection are a type of telephone connection that offer data transfer rates of up to 128 kbps. This can be better than dialup, however ISDN connections are considered still more or less outdated. Feature of ISDN Another alternative to using analog telephones lines to establish a connection is ISDN. Speed is one advantage ISDN has over telephone line connections. Each node in the network is identified by hierarchical ISDN address which is of 15 digits.
- 42. A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. The Internet itself can be considered a computer network.
- 43. Point –to-Point Connection Multiple Connection
- 44. Computer networks can be broken down historically into topologies, which is a technique of Connecting computers. Star topologies, Bus topologies, Ring topologies, Mesh topologies, Fully Connected topologies, Tree topologies, Line topologies,
- 45. Communication refers to the transmission of the digital data between two or more Computer and a computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The best known computer network is the Internet.
- 46. A strong foundation of basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success.
- 47. Networks are classified into three major categories, based on the devices and areas in which they interconnect. LANs(Local Area Network) MANs( Metropolitan Area Network) WANs(Wide Area Networks)
- 49. A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. The computers typically connect to each other by way of a switch, which is a device that directs signals within the LAN. A wireless network is a LAN that is created using WiFi(a wireless technology) access point instead of wired ones.
- 50. A wide area network connects multiple LANs across large physical distances. They're commonly created by leasing a wire from a cable company or internet provider. The internet is a collection of networks and is considered the largest WAN in the world.
- 52. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks using a high capacity backbone technology, such as fiber optical links. A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
- 53. Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data. Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals. These signals can be transmitted through copper wires, optical fibers, atmosphere, water and vacuum
- 56. Wired transmission media is media used to transfer information over a network, such as a twisted pair cable. There are various types of wired transmission media, including coaxial cables, telephone lines, and basically any information or data transmitted through a wire.
- 57. Wireless transmission media is transmitting information or data through microwave, infrared, or radio wave signals to satellites or radio towers.
- 58. The different types of wireless communication media, Satellite Communication Infrared Communication Broadcast Radio Microwave Communication Wi-Fi Mobile Communication System Wireless power Transfer
- 59. Although both wired and wireless transmission media have their advantages and disadvantages, I believe that wired transmission media would be best for all occupations. It takes up more space and often costs more money, but the advantages outweigh its disadvantages. It is reliable and typically has a consistent signal, more secure, and only takes a bit of wires. Wired transmission media would typically have a greater start-up cost because of the multiple wires, dependability, and probable installation fee.
- 62. Created By, Sir Mian Nabeel Rana Asim Ali