Introduction to Computer Application.pptx

Prepared by Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohamed KURDI
Revised and presented by Asst. Prof. Dr. Samsun M. BAŞARICI
CSE111 Introduction to Computer
Applications
Lecture 1
Introduction to Computer System

• Understand what is a computer.
• Understand the relationship between computer hardware and software.
• Know the main components of hardware.
• Understand the difference between the different types of software.
• Understand the binary/octal/hexadecimal numbering systems and learn how
to convert to/from a decimal numbering system.
• Distinguish between primary and secondary storage devices along the
dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity.
• Understand the difference between the different techniques used to represent
the binary system in electronic, magnetic, and optical storage devices.
Learning Objectives

• Computers
 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
 Computer Speed
 Basic Types of Computers
 Inside a Computer
 Basic Parts of a Computer
 Buttons and Ports on a Computer
• Digits and Numbers
 Decimal Numbering System.
 Binary Numbering System.
 Octal Numbering System.
 Hexadecimal Numbering System.
Outlines
• Classification of Storage
Devices
• Primary Storage Devices
 ROM
 RAM
 Cache Memory
• Secondary Storage Devices
 Hard Disc
 CD
 DVD
 Blu-ray
 HD DVD
 USB Flash Memory.

Computers
 Computers are electronic devices that manipulate information, or
data. They have the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
 You probably already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web.
 You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations,
and even videos.
 A computer system is composed of hardware and software.
Source:http://www.gcflearnfree.org/computers/computerbasics/1.2

Computer Hardware
 Hardware components are the physical, tangible pieces that we can see
and touch.
 A basic computer hardware consists of 4 components:
1. Input units: send things (data) to the computer such as keyboard and mouse.
2. Output units: retrieve things (information) from the computer, such as
monitor, printer, speaker, etc.
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit): performs arithmetical and logical operations
of the computer system.
4. Memory: allows a computer to remember data and information. Similarly to
human memory, there is a short term memory (RAM) and a long term memory
(Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Compact Disk Drive (CDD)).
Source: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hardware#Input_unit_and_Output_unit_.28I.2FO.29

Computer Hardware
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Computer2.png

Computer Software
 Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
 It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task.
 Some examples of software include web browsers, games, and
word processors.
 There are three broad classifications for software:
1. Application software are the computer programs for performing user
tasks such as word processing and web browsers.
2. System software are used to start and run computer systems and
networks.
This includes operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and Android.
3. Computer programming software (also known as development software)
are used to create application and system software.
Source:http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software

Computer System
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Software

Computer Speed
 One of the factors that affects the computer speed is the CPU frequency.

Computer Speed
 A clock cycle is the time between two adjacent pulses of the oscillator that
sets the tempo of the computer processor.

Computer Speed
 The number of these pulses per second is known as the CPU
frequency
(also called the clock speed).

Computer Speed
 The number of these pulses per second is known as the CPU
frequency
(also called the clock speed).
 CPU frequency is measured in Hz.

Computer Speed
 Hz (which is an abbreviation for hertz) = 1 cycle per second.

Computer Speed
 KHz (which is an abbreviation for Kilohertz) = 1000 cycles per second.

Computer Speed
 MHz (which is an abbreviation for megahertz) = 1000 000 cycles
per second.

Computer Speed
 MHz (which is an abbreviation for megahertz) = 1000 000 cycles
per second.
 GHz (which is an abbreviation for gigahertz) = 1000 000 000
cycles per second.

Computer Speed
 The most powerful computers in the world use more accurate unit for
measuring the performance of CPUs which is FLOPS.

Computer Speed
 FLOPS is an abbreviation for floating-point operations per second.

Computer Speed
 A floating-point operation is any mathematical operation (such as +, -, *, /)
or assignment that involves floating-point numbers.

Computer Speed
 One FLOPS usually needs few clock cycles.

Computer Speed
 One FLOPS usually needs few clock cycles.
 Similarly:
• GigaFLOPS=1000 000 000 FLOPS.
• TeraFLOPS = 1000 0000 000 000 FLOPS
• PetaFLOPS = 1000 0000 000 000 000 FLOPS

Basic Types of Computers
Source: http://edutry.blogspot.com.tr/2014/07/types-of-computer-analogdigitalhybrid.html
We can divide computers on the basis of size, cost, and speed as follows:
• Supercomputer
• Mainframe computer
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer
 Workstation
 Personal Computer
o Desktop computers
o Laptop /Note Books
 Mobile Computer & Devices
o PDA
o Tablet PC
o Handheld Computer
o Smart Phones

• Supercomputers:
• Speed: fastest (33.6 petaFLOPS)
• Size: largest (a whole building)
• Cost: up to $100 million.
• Usage: Space Exploration, Nuclear weapons
testing, Weather Forecasting, Earthquake
studies. Source: http://www.byte-notes.com/four-types-computers

• Supercomputers:
• Speed: fastest (33.6 petaFLOPS)
• Size: largest (a whole building)
• Cost: up to $100 million.
• Usage: Space Exploration, Nuclear weapons
testing, Weather Forecasting, Earthquake
studies. Source: http://www.byte-notes.com/four-types-computers
• Mainframe computers:
• Speed: very fast (few petaFLOPS),
can be used by thousands of people at once.
• Size: large enough (a whole room)
• Cost: $100,000 - $2,000,000
• Usage: banks, educational institutions,
and insurance companies.

• Minicomputer
• Speed: medium, many GHz, can be used by
hundreds of people at once.
• Size: can be placed on a desk.
• Cost: $10,000 - $ 100,000
• Usage: small businesses & firms.
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Basic Parts of a Computer
Computer Case
 The computer case is the metal and plastic
box that contains the main components of
the computer.
 It houses the motherboard, central processing
unit (CPU), power supply, and more.
 Computer cases come in different shapes and
sizes.
• A desktop case lies flat on a desk, and
the monitor usually sits on top of it.
• A tower case is tall and sits next to the
monitor
or on the floor.
 The front of the case usually has an
on/off switch and one or more
optical drives and USB ports.

 The monitor works with a video card, located
inside the computer case, to display images
and text on the screen.
 Most monitors have control buttons that
allow you to change your monitor's display
settings, and recent monitors also have built-
in speakers.
Monitor
http://www.gcflearnfree.org/computers/computerbasics/5.2

 The keyboard is one of the primary ways we communicate with the
computer and enter data.
 There are many different types of computer keyboards, including wired,
wireless, ergonomic, and multimedia.
Keyboard

 The mouse is a peripheral that is known as a pointing device. It lets you
point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them.
 There are two main types of mouse:
• Optical: uses an electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean.
• Mechanical: uses a rolling ball to detect movement. It is less expensive, but
it may require regular cleaning to keep it working properly.
Mouse

Buttons and Ports on a Computer
Back of a Computer Case
http://cdn.computerhope.com/connect.jpg

Buttons and Ports on a Computer
Common Buttons and Ports
Source: http://removeandreplace.com/2013/04/13/computer-ports-learn-the-name-and-location-of-the-connections-on-your-desktop-computer-or-laptop/

Inside a Computer Case
CPU
 The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located
inside the computer case on the motherboard.
 It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry
out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an
application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.
 A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of
instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions
per second.
 A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the
actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different
components—not just the processor.
 There are many processor manufacturers for personal computers, but
the most well-known ones are Intel and AMD.
Source:http://www.gcflearnfree.org/computers/
computerbasics/7

Motherboard
 The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board.
 It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive
and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and
connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports).
 The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the
computer.
computerbasics/7

Power Supply Unit
 The power supply unit converts the power from the wall outlet (220/110
V) to the type of power needed by the computer (3/5/12 V).
 It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.
computerbasics/7

RAM
 RAM (random access memory) is your system's short-term memory.
Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the
data in the RAM.
 Its content disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working
on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to
avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive,
which acts as long-term storage.
 RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more
RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time.
computerbasics/7.2

Hard drive
 The hard drive on your computer is where the software is installed, and
it's also where your documents and other files are stored.
 The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved
even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.
 When you run a program or open a file, the
computerbasics/7.2
computer copies
the hard
drive
some of the
data from onto
the
RAM. When
you save a file, the data is copied back to the
hard drive. The faster the hard drive is, the
faster your computer can start up and load
programs.

Digits and Numbers
 Digits: Are Symbols (or shapes) that represent
the
numbering system elements.
Ex:
Arabic
Hindi
Latin
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
: ٠
,
١
,
٢
,
٣
,
٤
,
٥
,
٦
,
٧
,
٨
,
٩
: ??, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, ...

Digits and Numbers
 Numbers: are compositions of one or more digits.
Ex:
Arabic : 3 55 100 2014
Hindi : ٣ ٥٥ ١٠٠ ٢٠١٤
Latin : III LV C MMXIV
2014 (Arabic) = MMXIV(Latin)
(This is very complicated !!)

 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 9, 10, 11, 12 ... 19, 20, 21, ... 99,
100, 101, ... 199, 200, 201, ...
Decimal Numbering System

 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 9, 10, 11, 12 ... 19, 20, 21, ... 99,
100, 101, ... 199, 200, 201, ...
Why people use the base-
10 system?

http://fivestarlearning.homestead.com/contact.html
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 9, 10, 11, 12 ... 19, 20, 21, ... 99,
100, 101, ... 199, 200, 201, ...
Why people use the base-
10 system?

Binary Numbering System
 Digits: 0, 1
 Numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, ...
 Where the base-2 system is used?

 Digits: 0, 1
 Numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, ...
 Where the base-2 system is used?
http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/article/cio/20
12/07/18/spongebob-100342468-orig.jpg

 Digits: 0, 1
 Numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, ...
 Where the base-2 system is used? Why?

https://dribbble.com/shots/770756-Switch-O-I-UI-
elements?list=tags&tag=oi&offset=6
 Digits: 0, 1
 Numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, ...
 Where the base-2 system is used? Why?
Becasue computers understand
only two numbers: 1 and 0.

 Digits: 0, 1
 Numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, ...
A single binary number is called a Binary
digit, or bit.

http://images.rapgenius.com/8539c6823392ff0e9697231767f52ba5.390x24
5x1.jpg
 Digits: 0, 1
 Numbers: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, ...
A single binary number is called a Binary
digit, or bit.

Decimal Binary Counting Items
0 0 -
1 1 X
2 10 XX
3 11 XXX
4 100 XXXX
5 101 XXXXX
6 110 XXXXXX
7 111 XXXXXXX
8 1000 XXXXXXXX
9 1001 XXXXXXXXX

Decimal to Binary Conversion
Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.
(97)10=(?)2

97  2 
(97)10=(?)2
quotient = 48, remainder = 1. (LSB)

97  2 
(97)10=(?)2
48  2  quotient = 24, remainder = 0.

97  2 
(97)10=(?)2

97  2 
(97)10=(?)2
1  2  quotient = 0 (Stop) remainder = 1. (MSB)
(97)10 = (1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2

(87)10=(?)2

87  2 
(87)10=(?)2

87  2 
43  2 
(87)10=(?)2
quotient = 43,
quotient = 21,
remainder = 1. (LSB)
remainder = 1.

(87)10=(?)2
87  2  quotient = 43, remainder = 1. (LSB)

(87)10=(?)2

(87)10=(?)2
1  2  quotient = 0 (Stop) remainder = 1. (MSB)
(87)10= (1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2

Binary to Decimal Conversion
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =(?) 10

(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125 + 024 +
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125 + 024 + 023
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125 + 024 + 023 + 022
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125 + 024 + 023 + 022 + 021
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125 + 024 + 023 + 022 + 021 + 120
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(MSB) (LSB)
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(1 1 0 0 0 0 1)2 =126 + 125 + 024 + 023 + 022 + 021 +
120
= 64 + 32 + 1
= (97) 10

(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2 =(?) 10

(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025 + 124
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025 + 124 + 023
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025 + 124 + 023 + 122
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025 + 124 + 023 + 122 + 121
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025 + 124 + 023 + 122 + 121 + 120
(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2
=(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

(MSB) (LSB)
(1 0 1 0 1 1 1)2 =(?) 10
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(1 0 1 0 0 1 1)2 =126 + 025 + 124 + 023 + 122 + 121 +
120
= 64 + 16 + 4 + 2 + 1
= (87) 10

Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, ...
Octal Numbering System

Octal Numbering System
Decimal Octal Counting Items
0 0 -
1 1 X
2 2 XX
3 3 XXX
4 4 XXXX
5 5 XXXXX
6 6 XXXXXX
7 7 XXXXXXX
8 10 XXXXXXXX
9 11 XXXXXXXXX

Decimal to Octal Conversion
(97)10=(?)8

97  8 
(97)10=(?)8

(97)10=(?)8

(97)10=(?)8
1  8  quotient = 0,(Stop) remainder = 1. (MSB)

(97)10=(?)8
1  8  quotient = 0,(Stop) remainder = 1. (MSB)
(97)10=(141)8

Octal to Decimal Conversion
(141)8 =182 + 4  81 + 180
= 64 + 32 + 1
= 97
(MSB)(LSB)
(141)8= (?)10
2 1 0

Digits : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Numbers : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, 10, 11,
12, ..., 1E, 1F, 20
Hexadecimal Numbering
System

Hexadecimal Numbering
System
Decimal Hexadecimal Items
0 0 -
1 1 X
2 2 XX
3 3 XXX
4 4 XXXX
5 5 XXXXX
6 6 XXXXXX
7 7 XXXXXXX
8 8 XXXXXXXX
9 9 XXXXXXXXX
10 A XXXXXXXXXX
11 B XXXXXXXXXXX
12 C XXXXXXXXXXXX
13 D XXXXXXXXXXXXX
14 E XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
15 F XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
(197)10=(?)16

(197)10=(?)16
197  16  quotient = 12, remainder = 5=5 (LSB)

(197)10=(?)16
197  16  quotient = 12,
12  16  quotient = 0,(Stop)
remainder = 5=5 (LSB)
remainder = 12=C (MSB)

(197)10=(?)16
197  16  quotient = 12,
12  16  quotient = 0,(Stop)
remainder = 5=5 (LSB)
remainder = 12=C (MSB)
(197)10=(C5)16

(C5)16 = (?)10
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Conversion

Conversion
(C5)16 = (?)10
1 0
(MSB)
(LSB)

(C5)16 = 12161 + 5160
Conversion
(C5)16 = (?)10
1 0
(MSB)
(LSB)

(C5)16 = 12161 + 5160
= 192 + 5
= (197)10
Conversion
(C5)16 = (?)10
1 0
(MSB)
(LSB)

 Computers use the binary system to store and process all kinds of
data (movies, photos, books, games, etc.).
Storage Devices
Introduction
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YclabLQADrE/UxvXigzO54I/AAAAAAAAAYQ/T7tvLHKgN2E/s1600/7.j
pg

 Computers use the binary system to store and process all kinds of
data (movies, photos, books, games, etc.).
 Storage devices use different techniques and formats to use
the
binary system and represent the 0,1 digits.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YclabLQADrE/UxvXigzO54I/AAAAAAAAAYQ/T7tvLHKgN2E/s1600/7.j
pg
Storage Devices
Introduction

 They can be classified into:
Classification of Storage Devices

o Primary storage devices
• Electronic: like ROM, RAM ,and cache memory.

o Primary storage devices
• Electronic: like ROM, RAM ,and cache memory.
o Secondary storage devices
• Magnetic: like hard disk.
• Optical: like CD,DVD, Blu-Ray ,and HD DVD.
• Electronic: USB flash memory.

• An electronic memory that is filled with data and fixed on the
motherboard during the manufacturing process.
Primary Storage Devices
ROM (Read Only Memory)

• It can be read, but it can not be written unless this process is
supported by the manufacturing company (usually for
upgrading to a newer version).

• Contains the instructions required for starting (booting) the
computer when it is first turned on:

 How CPU can access the hard disk.
 Where to find the operating system on the hard disk.
 Load the operating system into the RAM.

 How CPU can access the hard disk.
 Where to find the operating system on the hard disk.
 Load the operating system into the RAM.
• It has a small capacity (1/2/4/8 megabyte), and it is non-
volatile, i.e. it stores its data permanently and keeps its
content after switching off.

• Connected directly to CPU.
RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Used to store data temporarily.

• Used to store data that are currently processed, or waiting
for processing.

for processing.
• Fast read/write operations (low access time).

for processing.
• It is a volatile memory and does not keep its content after switching
off.

for processing.
off.
• Expensive.

for processing.
off.
• Expensive.
• Small capacity (2/4/8/16 gigabyte) compared to the
secondary storage devices.

• Composed of consecutive cells.

• Each cell is composed of a
sequence of one bit memory.
• Each bit is usually an electronic
circuit composed of a very tiny
capacitor and transistor.
01010101
01111000
00001111
00011111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00011001
10000001
10100000
Value= 00001111

• Each cell has a unique address.
01010101
01111000
00001111
00011111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00011001
10000001
10100000
Value= 00001111 FFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFE
FFFFFFFD
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00000002
00000001
00000000
Address= FFFFFFFD

• Each cell has a unique address.
• Bigger data are stored by using
consecutive cells.
01010101
01111000
00001111
00011111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00011001
10000001
10100000
Value= 00001111
Address= FFFFFFFD
FFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFE
FFFFFFFD
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00000002
00000001
00000000

•A very small size RAM memory (1/2/4/.../128 megabyte) that is
installed between the main RAM and CPU.
Cache Memory

•Very expensive, and very fast (very short access time).
Cache Memory

•Its function is reducing the time needed by the CPU to access
the data stored on the main RAM.
Cache Memory

•Its function is reducing the time needed by the CPU to access
the data stored on the main RAM.
Cache Memory
CPU
Secondary
Storage
Devices
Cash
Memor
y
RAM
ROM

Secondary Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drives
• A reliable and permanent magnetic storage
device.
http://silver-fox.ca/harddisk.ht
ml

Hard Disk Drives
device.
• Data can be eliminated and rewritten again.
ml

Hard Disk Drives
device.
• Biggest capacity (Terabyte).
ml

Hard Disk Drives
device.
• Cheaper than RAM.
ml

Hard Disk Drives
device.
• Slower read/write operation than RAM.
ml

Mounted on a central spindle.
Rotates continuously with a constant
velocity
(3600/5400/7200 rpm).
Hard Disk Drives
device.
• Composed of a set of metal disks (platters) that
are coated with a magnetic material: http://silver-fox.ca/harddisk.ht
ml

Mounted on a central spindle.
Rotates continuously with a constant velocity
(3600/5400/7200 rpm).
• A bit is a tiny magnetized region with N-S
polarity direction (0) or S-N polarity direction
(1).
Hard Disk Drives
device.
• Composed of a set of metal disks (platters) that
are coated with a magnetic material: http://silver-fox.ca/harddisk.ht
ml

• Data are saved as patterns of dots that can be read
using light. A laser beam is the usual light source.
Optical Storage Technology
This is a magnified view of the
dots on the surface of a CD.
The different patterns of dots
correspond to the data stored on
the disc.
Source:
http://www.igcseict.info/theory/3/optic/index.html

• The data is read by bouncing the laser beam off the
surface of the disk. If the beam hits a dot it is
reflected back differently to how it would be if there
were no dot. This difference can be detected, so the
data can be read as 0 or 1.
the disc.
Source:

• The data is read by bouncing the laser beam off the
surface of the disk. If the beam hits a dot it is
reflected back differently to how it would be if there
were no dot. This difference can be detected, so the
data can be read as 0 or 1.
• Dots can be created using the laser beam (for media
that is writable such as CD-Rs). The beam is used in
a high-power mode to actually mark the surface of
the medium, making a dot. This process is known as
‘burning’ data onto a disc.
the disc.
Source:

• CD (Compact Disc) can hold around 800MB of
data, usually used to store softwares, music, ebooks,
etc.
CD-ROM,R, and RW
Source:

etc.
• CDs has 3 formats:
CD-ROM,R, and RW
Source:

etc.
 CD-ROM (CD read only): can only be read.
CD-ROM,R, and RW
Source:

etc.
 CD-R (CD recordable): can store data, but can not
delete and restore again.
CD-ROM,R, and RW
Source:

etc.
 CD-R (CD recordable): can store data, but can not
delete and restore again.
 CD-RW (CD rewritable): can store and delete data
repeatedly.
CD-ROM,R, and RW
Source:

DVD-ROM,R,RW, and RAM
• DVD (Digital Versatile Disc ) can hold around 4.7GB of data (a dual-layer
DVD can hold twice that), it is used in the same way as CD but, since it can
hold more data, it is also used to store high-quality video.
Source:

• DVDs has 4 formats:
Source:

DVD-ROM (DVD read only): can only be read.
Source:

DVD-R (DVD recordable): can store data, but can not delete.
Source:

DVD-RW (DVD rewritable): can store and delete data repeatedly.
Source:

DVD-RW (DVD rewritable): can store and delete data repeatedly.
DVD-RAM (DVD-Random Access Memory):
oRe-writable.
oComes in a floppy-disc style case (to protect the disc).
oUsually used in video recording cameras
oMore reliable than normal DVD-RWs
Source:

Blu-ray
• A recent replacement for DVDs.
Source:

Blu-ray
• The 'Blu' part of Blu-Ray refers to the fact that the
laser used to read the disc uses blue light instead of
red light.
Source:

Blu-ray
red light.
• Blue light has a shorter wave-length than red light
(used
with CDs and DVDs) ,
Source:

Blu-ray
red light.
(used
• Using Blue light allows more data to be placed closer
together on a Blu-Ray disc, than on a DVD or CD, so
Blu- Ray has a much higher storage capacity than these
older discs.
Source:

Blu-ray
red light.
(used
older discs.
• Can hold 25 – 50 GB of data (a dual-layer Blu-Ray disc
can hold twice that).
Source:

Blu-ray
red light.
(used
older discs.
• Can hold 25 – 50 GB of data (a dual-layer Blu-Ray disc
can hold twice that).
• Used to store very high-quality, high-definition (HD) video.
Source:

HD DVD
• HD-DVD (High-density DVD) discs can hold
around 15GB of data (a dual-layer HD-DVD can
hold twice that).
Source:

HD DVD
hold twice that).
• HD-DVD discs are used in the same way as
DVD-ROMs (see above) but, since they can hold
more data, they are also used to store very high-
quality, high-definition (HD) video
Source:

HD DVD
hold twice that).
• HD-DVD discs are used in the same way as
DVD-ROMs (see above) but, since they can hold
more data, they are also used to store very high-
quality, high-definition (HD) video
• The HD-DVD format was launched at the same
time as Blu-Ray. For about a year they competed
to be the 'next DVD'. For various reasons, Blu-
Ray won the fight, and the HD-DVD format has
been abandoned.
Source:

• Known also as a memory stick.
USB Flash Memory

• A portable electronic storage device.
USB Flash Memory

• Non-volatile, acts like a portable external hard
disk.
USB Flash Memory

disk.
• Easy to use.
USB Flash Memory

disk.
• Easy to use.
• Less storage capacity compared with hard
disk.
USB Flash Memory

Next Lecture
Introduction to Windows 7

References
 http://www.gcflearnfree.org/
 www.cse.scu.edu/~dlewis/book1/2.ppt
 https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~ivan/02.hdwr_soft.ppt

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