Introduction to Computers and it's History
- 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C O M P U T E R S A N D I T ’ S H I S T O R Y S u r ya V is h n u r a m
- 2. I N T R O D U C T I O N Computers are indispensable electronic devices that process data according to instructions, playing a pivotal role in modern life. A computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, and generates output according to a set of instructions. It can perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations, and is integral to various aspects of modern life. Understanding these fundamental concepts is essential for anyone seeking to navigate the digital world effectively.
- 3. H I S T O R Y The journey of computing traces back to the pre- computer era, characterized by primitive calculating tools such as the abacus and mechanical calculators. Significant contributions from early visionaries like Blaise Pascal and Charles Babbage laid the foundation for modern computing. Pascal’s mechanical calculator and Babbage’s ambitious Analytical Engine mark notable milestones in the history of computing, setting the stage for future innovations.
- 4. H I S T O R Y • The evolution of electronic computers revolutionized computation, with landmark developments such as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) and Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). • The groundbreaking invention of the microprocessor by Intel in 1971 paved the way for the miniaturization and proliferation of computing devices. • These advancements marked a paradigm shift, transforming computers from large, cumbersome machines to compact, powerful devices that have become ubiquitous in today’s society.
- 5. G E N E R AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S • The progression of computing can be categorized into distinct generations, each characterized by significant technological advancements. • The first generation of computers utilized vacuum tubes for processing data, marking the beginning of electronic computing. • Despite their limited capabilities and bulky size, these early computers laid the groundwork for subsequent generations of computing technology.
- 6. G E N E R AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S • The second generation of computers saw the emergence of transistors, replacing vacuum tubes and leading to smaller, faster, and more reliable machines. • With the advent of integrated circuits in the third generation, computers became even more compact, efficient, and affordable, expanding their accessibility to a wider audience. • The fourth generation introduced microprocessors, consolidating multiple components onto a single chip and ushering in the era of personal computing.
- 7. G E N E R AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S • The fifth generation of computers is characterized by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. • Emerging technologies such as neural networks and deep learning algorithms enable computers to perform complex tasks previously thought to be exclusive to human intelligence. • These developments signify a new era of computing, where machines can learn, reason, and adapt autonomously, with profound implications for various industries and societal applications.
- 8. C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S • Computers are classified based on their size, processing capabilities, and intended use, leading to various categories tailored to specific needs. • Supercomputers, known for their exceptional processing power, are utilized for scientific simulations, weather forecasting, and research endeavors requiring immense computational resources. • Mainframe computers, distinguished by their robustness and reliability, are employed in large-scale data processing tasks such as financial transactions and enterprise-level applications.
- 9. C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S • Minicomputers, intermediate in size and capability between mainframes and microcomputers, serve departmental computing needs within organizations. • Microcomputers, commonly referred to as personal computers (PCs), are designed for individual use and productivity tasks, catering to a wide range of users from home consumers to professionals in various fields.
- 10. C E N T R A L P R O C E S S I N G U N I T ( C P U ) Understanding the components and functions of the CPU is essential for comprehending how computers process data and carry out tasks effectively. It plays a crucial role in the overall performance and functionality of the computer system. The CPU serves as the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
- 11. C P U The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) handles arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, and comparison. The Control Unit directs the flow of data within the CPU and coordinates the execution of instructions, ensuring proper sequencing and synchronization.
- 12. C P U • Registers are small, high- speed memory units within the CPU used for temporary data storage and operations. • Cache Memory is a type of high-speed memory located within the CPU or close to it, used to store frequently accessed data for faster retrieval.
- 13. C P U • Clock Speed refers to the frequency at which the CPU executes instructions, measured in cycles per second (Hertz). • The Bus is a communication pathway that allows data to be transferred between the CPU and other components within the computer system.
- 14. C P U • The Heat Sink is a passive cooling device attached to the CPU to dissipate heat generated during operation, preventing overheating. • A Fan is often used in conjunction with a heat sink to enhance heat dissipation by circulating air around the CPU and cooling the system.
- 15. C P U • The Motherboard serves as the main circuit board of the computer, providing the physical framework for connecting CPU, memory, and other components. • The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is responsible for rendering images and graphics on the display, essential for gaming, video editing, and graphical applications.
- 16. C P U • Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile memory used for temporarily storing data and program instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. • Read-Only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory containing firmware or BIOS instructions essential for booting up the computer system.
- 17. C P U • Input/Output (I/O) Ports are interfaces on the motherboard or external devices used to connect peripherals such as keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers to the computer. • The Power Supply Unit (PSU) converts AC power from the outlet into DC power suitable for the computer components and provides power to the CPU and other parts of the system.
- 18. C P U • The Hard Disk Drive (HDD) stores data permanently on magnetic disks and is commonly used for long-term storage of files and applications. • Solid State Drive (SSD) is a faster and more durable storage alternative to HDDs, utilizing flash memory technology for data storage.
- 19. C P U • Optical Disk Drive (ODD) reads and writes data from optical discs such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, providing a means for data storage and retrieval. • Expansion Cards are additional circuit boards inserted into expansion slots on the motherboard to add functionality or connectivity options to the computer system.
- 20. C P U • Network Interface Card (NIC) facilitates communication between the computer and a network, allowing it to connect to the internet or local area network (LAN). • A Sound Card processes audio signals from the computer and converts them into sound output, enabling the computer to produce audio through speakers or headphones.
- 21. C P U • BIOS/UEFI (Basic Input/Output System/Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) provides the firmware that initializes the hardware components and boots up the operating system. • CMOS Battery powers the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) memory, which stores BIOS settings and system configuration information even when the computer is powered off.
- 22. T H A N K Y O U