Introduction to microbiology f
2 likes363 views
The document provides an introduction to the history and scope of pharmaceutical microbiology. It discusses how microbiology emerged from early theories of spontaneous generation being disproven through experiments showing microbes are present everywhere and can be transmitted. Key figures who advanced the field include Van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under the microscope, Pasteur who disproved spontaneous generation and showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, Koch who established criteria to link microbes to specific diseases, and Fleming who discovered the antibiotic penicillin. The document concludes with the scope of microbiology encompassing both basic research on microbes and applied areas like disease treatment, food and industrial production, and medical uses.
Introduction to microbiology f
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY COVID 19 Prof. Pulak Majumder Dept. of Pharmacognosy Sri Adichunchanagiri College o
- 2. Welcome to Microbiology For Today… Introduction to the course. Explore the history and foundation of Pharmaceutical microbiology. Scope of Microbiology
- 3. • Microbiology is the study of organisms or agents too small to be seen with naked eyes. • The word Microbiology was derived from Greek: mīkros ("small") + bios ("life") • Branch of science that is concerned primarily with the biology of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms. e.g., Bacteria, Protozoa, Algae, Fungus and Viruses. • When microbiological concepts, processes and techniques are applied to pharmaceutical operations, called ‘Pharmaceutical microbiology ’. Introduction
- 4. • Microorganisms are present everywhere, as their presence can be marked in geothermal vents in the ocean depths to the person’s skin. • They are also present in soil, air and water. • Production of 50% of Carbon and 90% of Nitrogen on earth. • Biodegradation, digestion and production of vitamins B12. • Bread, cheese, beer, vaccines and antibiotics production.
- 5. History of Microbiology Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth.
- 6. Theory of Spontaneous Generation • Early belief that some forms of life could arise from “vital forces” present in nonliving or decomposing matter, abiogenesis. Or simply, organisms can arise form non-living matter. • But this theory was later challenged by many scientists.
- 8. • John Needham and Lazzaro Spallanzani were still supporting theory of spontaneous generation by proving that air carried germs to the culture media. • Schwann, Friedrich Schroder and von Dusch (1830s) disproved them by allowing air to enter flask but only after passing through a heated tube or sterile wool, so no growth appeared. • Still some scientists believed in theory of spontaneous generation.
- 9. • In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells. • The first microbes were observed in 1673 • Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723) (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
- 10. Pasteur’s Experiment • These assumptions provoked Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895) to settle the matter once and for all. • He first trapped airborne organisms in cotton, then showed , that piece of cotton caused microbial growth when placed in sterile medium. Then he did another experiment to solve the controversy. • Considered by many as “ Father of Microbiology”
- 12. • John Tyndall (1820-1893) – dealt a final blow to spontaneous generation theory in 1877 by demonstrating that Omission of dust, no growth of microorganisms. • He also provided evidence for heat resistant forms of bacteria. • A German botanist Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) discovered existence of bacterial endospores.
- 13. Demonstrations that microorganisms cause disease • The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease came from the study of anthrax by German Physician Robert Koch (1843-1910). • His criteria (is still used) to establish the link between a microorganism and a particular disease that it cause, is known as Koch's postulates.
- 14. Koch’s Postulates • The causative agent must be present in all affected organisms but absent in healthy individuals. • The agent must be capable of being isolated and cultured in pure form. • When the cultured agent is introduced to a healthy organism, the same disease must occur. • The same causative agent must be isolated again from the affected host.
- 15. Koch's Postulates used to prove the cause of an infectious disease. Sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.
- 16. The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914) • Beginning with Pasteur’s work • Discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease • Microbes and fermentation • Immunity • Anti-microbial drugs
- 17. • Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (Germ theory of fermentation). • Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. • Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. • Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).
- 18. Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called 'Pasteurization'.
- 19. The Germ Theory of Disease • 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus. • 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. • 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.
- 20. The Germ Theory of Disease…. • 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant (Carbolic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections. • 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, • Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. • Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young rival
- 21. • A young milkmaid informed the physician Edward Jenner that she could not get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox. • 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. • Called vaccination from vacca for cow • The protection is called immunity.
- 22. Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals • Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. • Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. • Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria. • 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug (magic bullet) salvarsan to treat syphilis. • 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
- 23. • 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. • He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus (bacteria). • 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
- 24. Scope of microbiology ??? • Microbiology has both basic and applied aspects. • Basic aspects are concerned with biology of microorganisms includes fields like- Bacteriology. Mycology. Phycology. Protozoology. Microbial cytology and physiology. Microbial genetics. Molecular biology. Microbial ecology. Microbial Taxonomy.
- 25. Scope of microbiology…… Applied aspects are concerned with practical problems. These are: Disease study. Water and waste water treatment. Food spoilage and food production. Industrial uses of microbes. Medical microbiology, Immunology, Industrial microbiology, Agricultural microbiology
- 27. Thank you for listening B’coz I believe … Wash your hand regularly….. Prevention is Better than Medicine. Be safe.. be at home.