Introduction to qualitative study

Introduction to
qualitative study
Week 1

Dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatif
Qualitative Research?
• To better understand human
behavior and experience
• Qualitative research = a study that
uses qualitative data or information
to interpret phenomena that occur in
society.
• “Focus on the phenomena that
occur in natural settings”
• Data was collected from the
perspective of the study
participants.

1. A problem or issue needs to be explored.
2. Need to study a group or population, identify variables that can then be measured,
or hear silenced voices.
3. Need a complex, detailed understanding of the issue
4. When we want to empower individuals to share their stories, hear their voices, and
minimize the power relationships that often exist between a researcher and the
participants in a study.
5. When we want to write in a literary, flexible style that conveys stories, Of theater, or
poems, without the restrictions of formal academic' structures of writing. We
conduct qualitative research because we want to understand the contexts or
settings in which participants in a study address a problem or issue
6. To follow up quantitative research and help explain the mechanisms or linkages in
causal theories or models.
7. To develop theories when partial or inadequate theories exist for certain
populations and samples or existing theories do not adequately capture the
complexity of the problem we are examining.
When toUse Qualitative Research?

Qualitativeinquiry isforthe researcherwho is
willingto do the following:
Commit to extensive timein the
field.
Write long passages,.
participate in aform of social
and human science research
that does not have
firm guidelines or specific
proceduresand is evolving and
constantly changing
Engagein the complex, time-
consuming process ofdata
analysis through the
ambitious task, of sorting
through large amounts of
data and reducing them to a
few themes or categories.
01
04
02
03

QUALITATIVEV.'S QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative
Research
Quantitative
Research
Type of
questions
Probing Limited probing
Sample Size small large
Info. Per
respondent
much varies
Admin Requires skilled
researcher
Fewer specialist
skills required
Type of
Analysis
Subjective,
interpretative
Statistical
Type of research Exploratory Descriptive or
causal

Philosophical Assumptions
Epistemological
What is the relationship between the
researcher and that being researched?
Rhetorical
What is the language of research?
Ontological
What is the nature of reality?.
Axiological
What is the roles of values?
Methodological
What is the process of research?

2. Researcher as key
instrument
The qualitative researchers
collect data themselves
through examining
documents, observing
behavior, and interviewing
participants
Typically gather multipIe
forms of data, such as
interviews, observations,
and documents
TheCharacteristicsof QualitativeResearch
4. Inductivedataanalysis.
Qualitative researchers
tend to collect data in the
field at the site where
participants' experience the
issue or problem under
study
Qualitative researchers
build their patterns,
categories, and themes
from the "bottom-up,"
5. Participants' meanings.
focus on learning the
meaning that the
participants hold about the
problem or issue,
3. Multiplesources of
data.
1. Natural setting
6. Emergentdesign
The initial plan for research
cannot be tightly pre-
scribed, and that all phases
of the process may change
or shift after the
researchers enter the field
and begin to collect data

8. i nterpretive
inquiry.Qualitative
Researchers make an
interpretation of what they
see, hear, and understand.
Qualitative researchers try
to develop a complex
picture of the problem or
issue under study
Concern with process =
Qualitative researchers are
concerned with process
rather than simply with
outcomes or products.
( e.g; what is the natural
history of the activity or
events under study?)
Use a lens to view their
studies, such as the
concept of culture, central
to ethnography, or
gendered, racial, or class
differences from the
theoretical orientations
discussed
9. Holisticaccount
7.Theoreticallens

10. Descriptive data = Qualitative research is descriptive.
● The data collected take the form of words or
pictures rather than numbers.
● The written results of the research contain
quotations from the data to illustrate and
substantiate the presentation.
● The data include interview transcripts, field notes,
photographs, videotapes, personal documents,
memos and other official records.

5 COMMON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS & DISCIPLINES / RELATED
FIELDS
Reka Bentuk Disiplin / Bidang
1. Case study Social Sciences / Education
2. ContentAnalysis Social Sciences (psychology, history, art),
education
3. Phenomenology Social Sciences / Sociology / Psychology /
Nursing
4. Ethnography Social Sciences/ Education/ Psychology/ Nursing
5. GroundedTheory Social Sciences / Sociology / Psychology /
Nursing

OTHER QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
& RELATED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS
Reka Bentuk Disiplin / Bidang
6. Contents Analysis Social Sciences /
7. Philosophical Social Sciences /
8. Historical Social Sciences / Education / Sociology / Nursing
9. Descriptive Social Sciences / Education
10. Exploratory Social Sciences/ Education/ Sociology
11. Ecological Psychology Education
12. Cognitive Anthropology Education
13. Holistic Ethnography Education

1. DIMENSION FOR CASE STUDY
Focus Developing an in-depth analysis of a single case or multiple cases
Discipline origin Political science, sociology, evaluation, urban studies, Islamic studies, other social sciences
Data collection Multiple sources :-
 documents; archival records; Interviews; observations; physical artifacts
Data analysis Description; /Themes; / Assertions (statements)
Narrative form Method of description - In-depth study of a ‘case’ or ‘cases’
General structure
of study
 Entry vignette (essay/ picture/ scene)
 Introduction (problem statement; research questions, case study; data collection;
analysis; outcomes)
 Description of the case (s) and its (their) contexts
 Development of issues
 Detail about selected issues
 Assertions (state something in strong and definite way, and demand people to
accept, believe or respect)
 Closing vignette
(Adapted from Stake, R. 1995. The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.)

2. DIMENSION FOR BIOGRAPHY
Focus Exploring the life of an individual
Discipline origin Anthropology; Literature; History; Psychology; Sociology
Data collection Primarily interviews and documents
Data analysis  Stories
 Epiphanies (true stories of sudden insight to inspire or encourage)
 Historical content
Narrative form Method of description - Detailed picture of an individual’s life
General
structure of
study
 Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
 Research procedures (a biography, significance of individual, data
collection, analysis outcomes)
 Report of objective experiences
 Individuals theorize about their lives
 Narrative segments identified
 Patterns of meaning identified (events, processes, epiphanies, themes)
 Summary
(Adapted from Denzin, N. K. 1989. Interpretive interactionism. Newbury Park, CA: sage.)

3. DIMENSION FOR PHENOMENOLOGY
Focus Understanding the essence of experiences about a phenomenon
Discipline origin Philosophy; sociology; psychology
Data collection Long interviews with up to 10 people
Data analysis  Statements
 Meanings
 Meaning themes
 General description of the experience
Narrative form Method of description - Description of the “essence” (real meaning) of the
experience
General structure
of study
 Research procedures (a phenomenology and philosophical assumptions, data
collection, analysis, outcomes)
 Significant statement
 Meanings of statements
 Themes of meanings
 Exhaustive description of phenomenon
(Adapted from Moustakas, C. 1994. Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, C.A.: Sage.)

4. DIMENSION FOR ETHNOGRAPHY
Focus Describing and interpreting a cultural and social group
Discipline origin Cultural ethnography; sociology
Data collection Primarily observations and interviews with additional artifacts during extended time
in the field (e.g. 6 month to a year)
Data analysis  Description
 Analysis
 Interpretation
Narrative form Description of the cultural behavior of a group or an individual
General structure
of study
 Research procedures (ethnography, data collection, analysis, outcomes)
 Description of culture
 Analysis of cultural themes
 Interpretation, lessons learned, questions raised
(Adapted from Wolcott, H.F.1994. Transforming qualitative data : Description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks: Sage.)

5. DIMENSION FOR GROUNDEDTHEORY
Focus Developing a theory grounded in data from the field
Discipline origin Sociology
Data collection Interviews with 20-30 individuals to “saturate” categories and detail a theory
Data analysis  Open coding
 Axial coding
 Selective coding
 Conditional matrix
Narrative form Method of description -Theory or theoretical model
General structure
of study
 Research procedures (grounded theory, data collection, analysis, outcomes)
 Open coding
 Axial coding
 Selective coding and theoretical propositions and models
 Discussion of theory and contrasts with extant literature.
(Adapted from Strauss & Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.)

6. DIMENSION FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS
Focus Developing an in-depth analysis of texts
Discipline origin Education,Communication, Islamic studies, other social sciences
Data collection Multiple sources :-
 documents; archival records; Interviews; social media
Data analysis Description; /Themes; / Assertions (statements)
Narrative form Method of description - In-depth study of large bodies of texts
General
structure of
study
 Entry vignette (essay/ article/ book / transcription of interview)
 Introduction (problem statement; research questions; data collection; analysis; outcomes)
 Description of the texts and its contexts
 Description of texts
 Analysis of textual themes
 Establish pattern of texts (themes)
 Summary
(Hsieh, H.F. & Shannon, S. E. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15
(9):1277-1288)

Content Analysis
Typically performed on forms of human communication
Content Analysis is a detailed systematic examination of
the content of a particular body of material for the
purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or biases.
Content Analysis are found in a wide variety of disciplines,
including psychology, history, art, education, journalism
and political science
Books Newspaper. Films Television
Leedy & Ormrod (2005)

data collectiontechniquesinqualitativeresearch
Interview
observation
Document Analysis
01
02
03

Data Collection Process
(Cresswell, 1998)
(Cresswell,
1998)
1. Identify sites / individuals
2. Get Access and
build rapport
3. Sampling e.g Purposive Sampling
4. Collecting data
5. Recording data
6. Resolve field
issues
7. Store the data

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA
Interview
Picture
File/Records
Social Media
Web pages
Video
Map
Field notes
Check List

ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR QUALITATIVE
DATA
Thematics Analysis
Narrative Analysis
Chronological-Historical Analysis
Comparative Analysis
Domain Analysis
Tools or software used for qualitative data analysis : eg. Nvivo, Atlas.ti, QDA Miner

Introduction to qualitative study

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