Qualitative and quantitative analysis
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The document outlines an action research project conducted by Dr. Nellie Deutsch focused on improving student test scores through a 12-week curriculum program that includes reading strategies and test-taking techniques. It details both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods, emphasizing the importance of coding schemes and descriptive statistics for analyzing data. Surveys reveal insights into student and parent anxiety related to reading comprehension tests, leading to recommendations for further needs assessments and comparisons of student performance before and after the program implementation.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis
- 1. 1 Action Research Project Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Dr. Nellie Deutsch 2015
- 2. 2 Problem Statement What is your problem statement?
- 3. 3 Purpose • Determine the causes • Build a workable curriculum program • Provide students with test taking techniques • Improve student scores
- 4. 4 Background Description • Population • Work Setting • Writer’s Role
- 5. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques •Qualitative data are analyzed inductively •Specific observations look for patterns develop hypotheses develop general conclusions –Potentially overwhelming task –Goal is to reduce volume of information collected –Risk minimizing, simplifying, distorting data •Must rely on a coding scheme—system for grouping data into categories of similar information –Highly individualized type of system http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 6. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques •Often necessitates reading, rereading, rereading again your data •Must get to “know” your qualitative data very well •Steps in the process: –Reduce amount of narrative data through use of coding scheme –Describe main characteristics of categories (connect data to research questions( –Interpret what has been simplified and organized http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 7. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques •Also, engage in introspection –Reflective practice that helps to ensure that you remain objective and “emotionally unattached” to data •Assistance with analysis through software –Analysis of qualitative data cannot be “done” on the computer (due to inductive nature( –Software can help store and organize data http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 8. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Quantitative data are analyzed deductively •Identify topic focus with research questions or hypotheses collect and analyze data develop conclusions •Can use either descriptive or inferential statistics –Descriptive statistics—procedures that simplify, summarize, and organize numerical data –Inferential statistics—procedures used to determine how likely given statistical results are for an entire population based on a sample http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 9. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Descriptive statistics –Measures of central tendency—single value to indicate what is typical or standard about a group of individuals •Mean •Median •Mode –Measure of dispersion—single value to indicate how scores are different, or what is atypical •Range •Standard deviation http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 10. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Descriptive statistics (cont’d.( –Measures of relationship—statistical measure of strength of association between variables •Correlation coefficients http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 11. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Descriptive statistics (cont’d.( –Visual displays of data—not really a statistical procedure; simply ways to “show” data •Frequency distribution table •Histograms •Bar charts •Pie charts http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 12. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Statistical software –Numerous software packages exist; some are very costly –Very effective, Web-based alternative: StatCrunch (www.statcrunch.com( http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 13. Action research checklist Analyzing Data in Action Research ☐Revisit your research question(s) and your previous decisions about the use of qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods data for your action research. ☐Develop a plan for analyzing your data (see below(. ☐If you have collected qualitative data, decide how you plan to analyze your data: ☐Will you code, organize, and analyze your data by hand? ☐How will you actually do this (notecards, sticky notes, etc.(? ☐Will you use some sort of software (see the “Related Websites” section of this chapter) to code, organize, and analyze your data? ☐If you have collected quantitative data, decide how you plan to analyze your data: ☐Be sure to specify the type of analysis—descriptive (e.g., frequencies, mean, median, graphs, etc.) or inferential statistics (e.g., t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test, etc.)—you plan to use. ☐Will you analyze your data by hand, perhaps using only a calculator? ☐Will you use some sort of software (e.g., StatCrunch, or others in the “Related Websites” section of this chapter) to analyze your data? ☐Anticipate how you will present the results of your data analysis: ☐Will you present all of your results in narrative form? ☐Will you utilize any tables, graphs, etc.? ☐Develop a timeline for your data analyses. http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 14. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques •Qualitative data are analyzed inductively •Specific observations look for patterns develop hypotheses develop general conclusions –Potentially overwhelming task –Goal is to reduce volume of information collected –Risk minimizing, simplifying, distorting data •Must rely on a coding scheme—system for grouping data into categories of similar information –Highly individualized type of system http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 15. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques •Often necessitates reading, rereading, rereading again your data •Must get to “know” your qualitative data very well •Steps in the process: –Reduce amount of narrative data through use of coding scheme –Describe main characteristics of categories (connect data to research questions( –Interpret what has been simplified and organized http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 16. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques •Also, engage in introspection –Reflective practice that helps to ensure that you remain objective and “emotionally unattached” to data •Assistance with analysis through software –Analysis of qualitative data cannot be “done” on the computer (due to inductive nature( –Software can help store and organize data http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 17. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Quantitative data are analyzed deductively •Identify topic focus with research questions or hypotheses collect and analyze data develop conclusions •Can use either descriptive or inferential statistics –Descriptive statistics—procedures that simplify, summarize, and organize numerical data –Inferential statistics—procedures used to determine how likely given statistical results are for an entire population based on a sample http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 18. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Descriptive statistics –Measures of central tendency—single value to indicate what is typical or standard about a group of individuals •Mean •Median •Mode –Measure of dispersion—single value to indicate how scores are different, or what is atypical •Range •Standard deviation http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 19. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques •Descriptive statistics (cont’d.( –Measures of relationship—statistical measure of strength of association between variables •Correlation coefficients http://studysites.sagepub.com/mertler4e/study/chapter.htm
- 20. 20 Problem Documentation – Two Surveys • Online Questionnaires • Students • Parents • Teachers • Offline Questionnaires • Students
- 21. 21 Action Research Project Proposal Survey Results (Before Intervention) QuestionPro Online Survey Program http://www.questionpro.com/akira/ShowResults?id=161974
- 22. 22 Students: What thoughts do you have during the test? I wish I had prepared myself better. 25.71% I won't have enough time. 39.05% I am doing great. 20.95% I wish I could be somewhere else 14.29%
- 23. 23 Teachers: ESL/EFL students are anxious during reading comprehension tests in English. Strongly Agree 34.15% Agree 45.85% Undecided 8.29% Disagree 8.78% Strongly Disagree 2.93%
- 24. 24 Teachers: ____ of my ESL/EFL students are/were anxious during reading comprehension tests. Most 31.03% Some 36.55% Many 25.52% None 2.07% A few 4.83%
- 25. 25 Parents: My daughter/son gets anxious when there is reading comprehension test in school. Strongly Agree 41.03% Agree 17.95% Neutral 23.08% Disagree 18.38% Strongly Disagree 2.56%
- 26. 26 Parents: Reading strategies would improve reading comprehension in English. Strongly Agree 70.27% Agree 21.62% Neutral 8.11% Disagree 0.00% Strongly Disagree 0.00%
- 27. 27 Teachers: ESL/EFL students would benefit from relaxation exercises before reading comprehension tests. Strongly Agree 28.29% Agree 37.07% Undecided 27.80% Disagree 3.90% Strongly Disagree 2.93%
- 28. 28 Literature Review Brief summary • Problem • Solution
- 29. 29 Solution Strategy Reading Comprehension Test Taking Skills 12 Week Curriculum Program: • Reading Strategies • Test Taking and Relaxation Techniques
- 30. 30 Reading Strategies • General Layout • Paragraph: Introduction, body and conclusion • Type of writing: letter, report, description, persuasion… • Skimming and scanning: Numbers, capital letters
- 31. 31 Test Taking Techniques • Relaxation Exercises • Mindfulness: Present • Breathing: Counting to 10 • Color Visualization and Chakras • Self-talk: Positive affirmations • Time • Organization
- 32. 32 Results Student scores before and after the 12-week implementation 57.3 80.15 Students Scores
- 33. 33 Audience Feedback • Questions • Comments
- 34. 34 Recommendations • Needs Assessment Survey • Questionnaire on test taking anxiety • Questionnaire on reading strategies • Action research project • Comparison of grades before and after test taking and reading strategies curriculum program