Introduction to Research Day Two
- 2. 1. Whakawhangatanga We are in this together: The ID Crisis
- 3. 2. Why are we here? More Words = More Confidence
- 4. Hit the Target First as individuals Then in groups of four
- 5. 3. It All Comes Down the to Question
- 6. Recall First Class ✘ Observation methods (Spradley, 1980) ✘ Qualitative Analysis Coding (Abstracting and Comparing) (Punch, 1998)
- 7. Your Question Determines Your Methodology Which, in turn, determines your Methods of data-gathering
- 8. Where to next…. ✘Locating your questions within a paradigm of research ✘Outlining the constraints of your research Time, money, contextual etc ✘Selecting an appropriate methodology ✘Make sure there is fusion between the questions, paradigm (theory), constraints, and methodology
- 9. PARADIGM FOCUS QUESTION Positivist/Postpostivist Statistics – Establishing truth and differences How many … What quantifiable differences exist … Constructivist Exploring and constructing truths How do … Feminist Exploring gendered differences and perspectives What are the experiences of boys and girls … How do girls … Ethnic Exploring ethnic differences and perspectives What are the experiences of Maori and Pakeha … How do Maori … Marxist Exploring class differences and perspectives What are the experiences of lower socio-economic and middle- class … How do the poor … Cultural Studies To critique and question current truths and critically examine differences What knowledges/ideas … What are the implications of this particular knowledge …
- 10. Paradigm One: Positivist/Postpositivist ✘Aim To track gender/culture/socioeconomic differences To measure the effectiveness of boot camps as an intervention ✘Question/s Are there any differences? What are these differences? – quantified ✘Constraints Numbers/Cash Statistical knowledge ✘Methodology Textual analysis Tests/Survey research
- 11. Paradigm Two: Constructivist (1) ✘Aim To explore why some young people dislike school To understand the experiences of young people in an initiative ✘Question/s How do young people experience school? What were the experiences of youth in the initiative? ✘Constraints Purpose is quite contained Confusion over roles (esp youth workers and youth – if involved) ✘Methodology Case study Ethnography
- 12. Paradigm Two: Constructivist (2) ✘Aim To construct an Asian theory of youth development To construct an understanding of the elements needed for successful mentoring ✘Question/s How do Asian young people experience adolescence? What elements exist in successful mentoring programmes? ✘Constraints External validity Finances ✘Methodology Case Study Ethnography
- 13. Paradigm Three: Feminist ✘Aim To explore gendered experiences of boot camps ✘Question/s What are the experiences of boys and girls involved in boot camps? Constraints External validity Finances ✘Methodology Narrative storytelling Ethnography Case study
- 14. Paradigm Four: Ethnic ✘Aim To explore ethnic experiences of boot camps ✘Question/s What are the experiences of Pakeha and Maori involved in boot camps? How are these experiences linked to their lived contexts? ✘Constraints External validity Finances ✘Methodology Ethnographic case studies (post-colonial in nature) Kaupapa research Talanoa research
- 15. Paradigm Five: Marxist ✘Aim To explore the ways mentoring reinforces/opposes structural inequalities ✘Question/s What are the outcomes of mentoring programmes? What structural differences exist? How does mentoring work/not work as a hegemonic tool? ✘Constraints Finances, Resources etc External validity ✘Methodology Discourse analysis Survey research
- 16. Paradigm Six: Cultural Studies ✘Aim To critique the forms of knowledge promoted by youth development initiatives ✘Question/s What knowledges do youth development initiatives focus on? How is this knowledge conveyed and implemented? What are the implications? ✘Constraints Time and knowledge Knowledge capital ✘Methodology Post-structural discourse analysis
- 17. Paradigm Seven: Mixed ✘Aim To measure student success in boot camps and find the factors which lead to success ✘Question/s To what rate do young people reduce offending after boot camps? What factors led to evidence of improvement? ✘Constraints External validity ✘Methodology Survey research Case study
- 18. Theory and the Paradigms ✘Theory before (Inductive Research) Can sit within all the paradigms ✘Theory after (Deductive Research) Positivist Constructivist ✘Reflexive theory Can sit within all the paradigms
- 19. Methods and the Paradigms ✘Textual analysis Positivist, feminist, ethnic, Marxist, cultural studies, mixed ✘Survey Positivist, Marxist, cultural studies, mixed ✘Observation Positivist, constructivist, cultural studies, mixed ✘Interviews Across all – however differs moving from structured, semi-structured to unstructured
- 20. 4. Time for a Break
- 21. It All Comes Down to a Question
- 23. Working ethically ✘Code of Ethics ✘More than a bureaucratic process ✘Involves action and reflection
- 24. The History of Research Ethics ✘Watson and Baby Albert ✘WW2 and Nazi Germany ✘Psychology – why are humans so evil ✘NZ Cartwright Inquiry ✘Today ? The Ketamine Incident?
- 25. What are ethics ✘Informed Consent ✘Confidentiality ✘No harm ✘Qualitative Research vs Quantitative Research ✘Catalytic Validity
- 26. The ethical research journey ✘Where does ethics start? ✘Where does it finish? ✘What should we learn along the way? ✘What about NGO research?
- 27. The type of research you are doing and the type of methodology you are using determines how ethics will inform your research Ethics and research
- 28. Getting through ethics applications ✘Know what the committee wants in addition to your application: ✘Copies of instruments, consent/information forms or valid explanation ✘Letterheads on all information to participants ✘Lockable storage/passwords etc ✘But what if there is no committee? ✘Create a plan!
- 30. 6. Lunch
- 32. Reading Backwards ✘ In groups, create a mindmap presentation showing: ✘The Research Topic ✘The Research Question ✘How it aligns to the Methodology and Methods ✘How Research Ethics have been incorporated
- 33. Your Turn
- 34. Hit the Target Where are you at now?
- 36. Credits Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: ✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival ✘ Photographs by Unsplash