Introduction-to-Experimentation.pdf
- 1. In t ro d u ct io n t o Exp e rim e n ta tion
- 2. Ob je ct ive s 1. Understand why we rely on scientific methods rather than common sense to explain behavior. 2. Learn the principles of the scientific method. 3. Learn the basic tools of psychological research. 4. Understand how “cause and effect” are established by experimentation. 5. Learn how hypotheses are tested in experiments. 6. Understand the meaning of significant level. 7. Learn how to summarize data with descriptive statistics.
- 3. To p ics t o b e d iscu sse d : 0 1 The Methods of Knowing 0 2 The Need for Scientific Methodology 0 3 The Characteristic of Modern Science 0 4 The Objectives of Psychological Science 0 5 The Scientific Method Tools of Psychological Science from Pseudo - Science to Psychological Science 0 6 Why do we need Statistics?
- 4. - It deals with the investigation and experimentation of human behavior through the use of precise measurement and another special instrument. Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y
- 5. - The significance of experimental psychology lies in its ability to provide crucial insights into human behavior and the workings of the mind. Mental health practitioners can then utilize this knowledge to develop innovative treatments for psychological distress and mental disorders. Understanding what drives people can pave the way for new approaches to better mental health. Im p o rt a n ce o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y
- 6. Hist o ry o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y - 1874 - W ilhelm W undt published the first experimental psychology textbook, "Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie" ("Principles of Physiological Psychology") - 1875 - W illiam James opened a psychology lab in the United States. The lab was created for the purpose of class demonstrations rather than to perform original experimental research. - 1879 - The first experimental psychology lab was founded in Leipzig, Germany. Modern experimental psychology dates back to the establishment of the very first Psychology lab by pioneering psychologist W ilhelm W undt during the late nineteenth century. - 1883 - G. Stanley Hall opened the first experimental psychology lab in the United States at John Hopkins University.
- 7. Hist o ry o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y - 1885 - Herman Ebbinghaus published his famous "Über das Gedächtnis" ("On Memory"), which was later translated to English as "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology." In the work, Ebbinghaus described learning and memory experiments that he conducted on himself. - 1887 - George Truball Ladd published his textbook "Elements of Physiological Psychology," the first American book to include a significant amount of information on experimental psychology. - 1887 - James McKeen Cattell established the world's third experimental psychology lab at the University of Pennsylvania. - 1890 - William James published his classic textbook, "The Principles of Psychology."
- 8. Hist o ry o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y - 1891 - Mary W hiton Calkins established an experimental psychology lab at W ellesley College, becoming the first woman to form a psychology lab. - 1893 - G. Stanley Hall founded the American Psychological Association, the largest professional and scientific organization of psychologists in the United States. - 1920 - John B. W atson and Rosalie Rayner conducted their now-famous Little Albert Experiment, in which they demonstrated that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people. - 1929 - Edwin Boring's book "A History of Experimental Psychology" was published. Boring was an influential experimental psychologist who was devoted to the use of experimental methods in psychology research.
- 9. Hist o ry o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y - 1955 - Lee Cronbach published "Construct Validity in Psychological Tests," which popularized the use of construct validity in psychological studies. - 1958 - Harry Harlow published "The Nature of Love," which described his experiments with rhesus monkeys on attachment and love. - 1961 - Albert Bandura conducted his famous Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated the effects of observation on aggressive behavior.
- 10. Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y Me t h o d s • Experiments • CaseStudies • Correlational Research • Naturalistic Observations
- 11. Exa m p le s o f Exp e rim e n t s in P sych o lo g y Asch Conformity Study (Dr. Solomon Asch)
- 12. Exa m p le s o f Exp e rim e n t s in P sych o lo g y Bobo Doll Experiment (Dr. Albert Bandura)
- 13. Exa m p le s o f Exp e rim e n t s in P sych o lo g y Little Albert Experiment (John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner)
- 14. Ap p lica t io n s o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y 1. Clinical Psychology 2. Social Psychology 3. Education 4. Developmental Psychology 5. Health Psychology
- 15. Th e Me t h o d s o f Kn o w in g Intuition Authority Rationalism Empiricism 1 2 3 4
- 16. Scie n t ific Me t h o d o lo g y - the systematic gathering of data to provide descriptions of events taking place under specific conditions, enabling the researcher to explain, predict, and control events Science Methodology - the scientific technique used to collect and evaluate psychological data
- 17. Scie n t ific Me t h o d It is a process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions.
- 18. Asid e fro m scie n ce , w h e re d o w e g e t k n o w le d g e fro m ? PHILOSOPHY FOLK WISDOM COMMON SENSE
- 19. Commonsense Psychology – it is the kind of everyday, non-scientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others
- 20. Th e Ne e d o f Scie n t ific Me t h o d o lo g y Contradicting at times 0 1 0 2 Gathered from small samples of behavior 0 3 0 4 Might be biased Generally unreliable
- 21. No n -scie n t ific So u rce s o f Da t a Seemingly credible and trustworthy sources 01 02 03 04 People we like, respect, or admire Our own observations and interactions with others Upon believing something, we tend to notice things that confirm our beliefs more than those disconfirm it
- 22. No n -scie n t ific In fe re n ce s Traits, traits, traits 01 02 03 04 Stereotyping Poor calculations of the probability Overconfidence bias
- 23. Th e Ch a ra ct e rist ics o f Mo d e rn Scie n ce 1 3 2 The Scientific Mentality (Behavior must follow a natural order, therefore, it can be predicted.) Empirical Data (Data that are observable or experienced.) Seeking General Principles (Laws and Theory) 4 Good thinking (The collection and interpretation of data should be systematic, objective, and rational.) 5 Self-Correction (The content of science changes as we acquire new scientific information and old information is reevaluated in light of new facts.)
- 24. Th e Ch a ra ct e rist ics o f Mo d e rn Scie n ce 6 7 Publicizing Results (Scientists meet frequently through professional and special interest groups and attend professional conferences to exchange information about their current work.) Replication
- 25. Th e Ob je ct ive s o f P sych o lo g ica l Scie n ce A systematic and unbiased account of the observed characteristics of behaviors. The capability of knowing in advance when certain behaviors would be expected to occur because we have identified other conditions with which the behaviors are linked or associated. W hen we have explained a behavior, we also understand what causes it to occur. The application of what has been learned about behavior Description Prediction Explanation Control
- 26. Th e Scie n t ific Me t h o d To o ls o f P sych o lo g ica l Scie n ce fro m P se u d o - Scie n ce t o P sych o lo g ica l Scie n ce The process undertaken to test a prediction, called hypothesis. Experimentation The systematic noting and recording of events The assignment of numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to conventional rules. Observation Measurement
- 27. Scie n t ific Exp la n a t io n in P sych o lo g ica l Scie n ce 0 1 The Antecedent Condition 0 2 Comparing Treatment Conditions 0 3 Psychology Experiment 0 4 Establishing Cause and Effect 0 5 Necessary versus Sufficient Conditions
- 28. Co n sid e ra t io n s in Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y 0 1 Sampling 0 2 Control of extraneous variables 0 3 Validity of measures 0 4 Replication 0 5 Ethical considerations 0 6 Data Analysis
- 29. W h y d o w e n e e d St a t ist ics? 1. To produce reliable data 2. To analyze the data appropriately 3. To draw reasonable conclusions
- 30. Re le va n ce o f Exp e rim e n t a l P sych o lo g y in t h e Mo d e rn W o rld