Investigating the modifications in properties of clayey soil utilizing ppc for variable dynamic compaction

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1
INVESTIGATING THE MODIFICATIONS IN PROPERTIES OF
CLAYEY SOIL UTILIZING PPC FOR VARIABLE DYNAMIC
COMPACTION
Nandan A. Patel1
, C. B. Mishra2
, S. K. Dave3
, D. K. Parmar4
1
Student of M. Tech. (Transportation System Engg.), BVM Engineering College, V. V. Nagar, Anand, India
2
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, BVM Engineering College, V. V. Nagar, Anand, India
3
Assistant Professor, Applied Mechanical Department, B& B Institute of Tech., V. V. Nagar, Anand, India
4
Assistant Professor, Applied Mechanical Department, B& B Institute of Tech., V. V. Nagar, Anand, India
Abstract
Road improvement is one of the significant parts of developing foundation which is growing at a quick rate; the development of
roads is of real concern in India as it elevates access to monetary and social administrations, creating horticultural income and
productivity employment. In India the greatest impediment to give a complete system of road framework is the constrained funds
accessible to build road by the conventional method. The nearby accessible soil is not satisfactory for supporting the reiteration of
high business vehicles on consistent road width results into weakening of roads. Clay soils change fundamentally in volume with
change in water substance are the reason for distortions to structures that incurs cost taxpayers several billion rupees every year
in the India. This paper manages a research facility examination of soil as CL as per Indian Standard (1498 – 1970). To the
untreated soil adjustments utilizing the doses of 1 and 2 % PPC are carried out. At first the tests are directed to focus physical &
engineering properties of natural soil by directing research center tests furthermore to assess the change in properties by the
addition of stabilizers to be utilized as a part of pavement design for economy.
Keywords: Cement, Soil Stabilization, strength, moisture content.
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1. PREAMBLE
Long term execution of asphalt structures is fundamentally
affected by the dependability of the hidden soils. In situ sub
reviews frequently don't give the help obliged attaining to
worthy execution under traffic loading and environmental
demands to oppose unreasonable perpetual distortion oppose
shear and maintain a strategic distance from unnecessary
diversion that may bring about exhaustion breaking in
overlying layers. Accessible earth materials don't generally
meet these necessities and may oblige upgrades to their
engineering properties so as to change these reasonable
earth materials into viable development materials. Despite
the fact that adjustment is a compelling option for enhancing
soil properties, the engineering properties got from
adjustment shift broadly because of heterogeneity in soil
creation, contrasts in micro and macro structure among
soils, heterogeneity of geologic stores, and because of
contrasts in physical and chemical cooperation’s between
the dirt and hopeful stabilizers. These varieties require the
thought of site-particular treatment choices which must be
accepted through testing of soil-stabilizer mixtures.
India is confronted with the colossal test of saving and
improving the transportation framework to meet the always
expanding stresses because of heavier loads going the
distance layers to the hidden soil.
Soil tying added substance expands compaction, builds soil
density and expands bearing quality so testing ought to be to
quantify these. In this study conventional stabilizers
Portland pozzolana cement is utilized which involves
calcium-silicates and calcium-aluminates that hydrate to
structure cementations items and has been effectively
utilized for tying soil particles together, accordingly
structuring a hard steady mass.
2. CONCEPTUAL DISTINCTIONS
This paper for the most part accentuates on change of soil
record properties of clayey utilizing PPC. This infers the
accompanying destinations which can be advanced as takes
after:
1) Efficient utilization of PCC for stabilization of
clayey soil
2) Increase parameters of soil like quality utilizing
PCC as a part of different extents to be of valuable
to road contractors and pavement designers to
accomplish economy.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Sabry A. Shihata and Zaki A. Baghdadi (2001) in their
paper on “Long-term strength and durability of soil cement”
sturdiness qualities and compressive quality of soil concrete
after delayed introduction to saline ground water. The study
was limited to three A-2-4 soils. In the investigation of the
results the creators accentuate the usage of compressive

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quality as an able pointer of solidness notwithstanding the
routine percent mass misfortune. It was observed that at
ahead of schedule age's compacted soil-concrete mixtures
keep on gaining quality in spite of introduction to saline
water up to around 90 days, then the quality disintegrates.
The results additionally demonstrate that with time the
lingering compressive quality unites to a certain worth, after
which the rate of decay gets to be little. This worth
happened at around 270 days for the tried soils. Then again,
unconfined compressive quality examples submerged in the
saline ground water for up to 6 months kept on gaining
quality, in spite of the fact that the addition was moderate
past 28 days.
Manasseh Joel and Isaac O. Agbede (2011) study on
“Mechanical-Cement Stabilization of Laterite for Use as
Flexible Pavement Material” the authors attempted to
improve the physical and strength properties of a reddish-
brown lateritic soil. 15–60% of sand by dry weight of
laterite was used as a modifier in the stabilization of the
laterite with 3–12% by dry weight of cement. Classification,
compaction, California bearing ratio CBR, and unconfined
compressive strength tests were carried out on the
specimens. The plasticity index decreased from 17% for
untreated laterite to 2.5% when treated with a combination
of 60% sand+6% cement. For the two energy levels of
compaction, optimum moisture content OMC was found to
increase with an increase in cement content but decreased as
the sand content increased. The OMC at the West African
standard was energy level was consistently lower than the
values obtained at the standard proctor SP energy level,
while the corresponding values of maximum dry density
were higher at the WAS energy level than the values at the
SP energy level. The CBR requirements for base course
material were met when laterite was admixed with 45% sand
+6% cement and 30% sand+6% cement, and 15% sand+6%
cement, 30% sand+6% cement, and 45% sand+3% cement
at the SP and WAS energy levels, respectively. It can be
concluded that sand enhanced the effective stabilization of
Ikpayongo laterite with cement within the maximum cement
content specified by the Nigerian code.
Grytansarkar, md.rafiqul Islam, Muhammedalamgir,
md.Rokonuzzaman (2012) Study on the Geotechnical
Properties of Cement based Composite Fine-grained Soil
expresses that the impact of bond on the execution of soil,
gathered from Khanjahan Ali Hall at Khulna University of
Engineering & Technology (KUET) in Khulna, Bangladesh.
The expansion of bond was found to enhance the
engineering properties of accessible soil in settled structures
particularly quality, workability, and compaction and
compressibility attributes. Subsequently, research center
tests, for example, compaction, Atterberg breaking points,
unconfined compressive quality, direct shear and
solidification tests for diverse rates of bond substance and
unique soil examples were performed. These test outcomes
demonstrate that the soil can be made lighter which prompts
diminish in dry thickness and increment in dampness
content and decreased compressibility because of the
expansion of bond with the dirt. Other than that the
unconfined compressive quality and shear quality of soil can
be enhanced with the expansion of 7.5% of bond substance.
Mehdi gharib, Hamidreza Saba, Arashbarazesh (2012) In
their exploratory study for distinguishing proof and
correlation of plastic index and shrinkage properties of earth
soils with the addition of cement that there has been an
expanding application of different mud minerals with high
plasticity in natural and geotechnical tasks. One of the
shortcomings of mud minerals is their shrinkage potential
while parching. Authors try to analyze the impact of
including cement to soil its shrinkage properties and to
contrast it and ordinary soil in Golestan Province. Here, the
versatility properties (including liquid limit, plastic limit,
shrinkage limit, and plastic index)) of clay soils in the
district will be inspected and looked at previously, then after
the fact including diverse percentages of cement.
4. PARENT MATERIALS
Taking after are the materials which are to be utilized as a
part of this study:
4.1 Soil
Soil sample were gathered from Nadiad i.e. Ahmedabad to
Vadodara NH8, Gujarat from where road is to pass. At first,
visual examination shows brown color soil. Samples were
air dried and pounded to pass through IS 425 microns
strainer and after that oven dried at 110°C before testing.
When the soil is wet it doesn't get to be dry soon. In like
way, when altogether dry, it is not soon wetted and shrinks
causing breaks.
4.2 Cement
The cement utilized is Portland pozzolanic bond (PPC)
utilized for the study was bought from the market with the
specific gravity of 3.14 g/cc. Portland Pozzolana bond is a
multi-mineral compound made up of oxides of calcium,
silica, alumina and iron. In vicinity of suitable measure of
water, PPC hydrates help to settle flocculated earth particles
through cementation. In these studies 1% & 2 % of Portland
pozzolana concrete is utilized with the soil under scrutiny.
5. SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTATIONS
The first work of the study obliged the development of field
test of pavement. Soil grouping is done from designing
perspective to discover the suitability of soil for potential
upgrades of it is a subgrade for development of pavement.
5.1 Properties of Clayey Soil with and without
Additive
Engineering use of Atterberg limits, are primary soil
properties useful for predicting activity of clay. The test
conducted to determine properties are of paramount
important to classify the soil.

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5.1.1 Liquid Limit:
The percentage moisture content at which a soil changes
with decreasing wetness from the liquid to the plastic
consistency or with increasing wetness from the plastic to
the liquid consistency The values obtained indicates that the
material is non critical (LL between 20 – 35) as per IS 1498
– 1970.
Sample CL Soil 1% 2%
Moisture Can. No 30 36 114
Can.+Wet Weight (gm) 50.72 55.64 60.56
Can + Dry Weight
(gm)
43.67 50.24 56.30
No. of Blows 25 25 25
Liquid Limit (%) 30.40 28.21 26
5.1.2 Plastic Limit:
The percentage moisture content at which a soil changes
with decreasing wetness from the plastic to the semi- solid
consistency or with increasing wetness from the semi-solid
to the plastic consistency.
Can. + Wet
Weight (gm)
33.40 41.42 49.45
Can + Dry Weight
(gm)
31.27 39.86 48.45
PlasticLimit (%) 19.43 17.73 16.05
5.1.3 Plasticity Index:
The Plasticity index indicating the magnitude of water
content range over which the soil remains plastic and the
liquidity index, indicating the nearness of a natural soil to
the liquid limit and are particularly useful characteristics of
soil. The investigations reveal that the plasticity index is
having values lower than 12 hence the material is non
critical as per IS 1498 – 1970.
Plasticity Index CL Soil 1% 2%
% 10.47 10.48 9.95
5.1.4 Free Swell Index:
Free swell index that represents the ratio of swelled volume
of the soil in water per unit weight of the soil is the simplest
parameter to indicate swelling ability of soils. With addition
of cement to soil, the results show that holding capacity of
water is reduced. The degree of expansion is low and is non-
critical as per IS 1498 – 1970.
Sample
CL
Soil
1% 2%
Mass of Dry Soil 10 10 10
Volume of Soil in
Water
11.75 11.70 11.68
Volume of Soil in
Kerosene
10 10.1 10.1
Free Swell Index (%) 17.50 17 16.80
5.1.5 Water Content – Dry Density Relation Using Heavy Compaction

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5.1.6 CBR under Dynamic Compaction
5.1.6.1 CBR value for 10 Blows
CBR Value at St. Penetration 2.5 mm and St. load 1370 Kg
Load at 2.5 mm 46.8 93.6 144.3
CBR Value 3.42 6.97 10.53

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CBR Value at St. Penetration 5 mm and St. load 2055 Kg
Load at 5 mm 81.9 167.7 253.5
CBR Value 3.99 8.16 12.34
Load at 2.5 mm 58.5 117 179.40
CBR Value 4.27 8.69 13.09
Load at 5 mm 103.3 210.6 315.9
CBR Value 5.12 10.24 15.37

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Load at 2.5 mm 78 163.8 257.40
CBR Value 5.69 12.24 18.79
Load at 5 mm 136.5 292.5 448.5
CBR Value 6.64 14.23 21.83
5.1.7 CBR v/s Dry Density
Maximum Dry Density of Soil is 2.052; here consider 97% of Dry Density for determines the CBR value.

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5.1.7.1 Comparative graph of CBR at 97% MDD
6. CONCLUSION
Proper field examinations, material recovery and research
center blend plan methods are vital in guaranteeing the
accomplishment of the methodology. These preparatory
examinations conducted to stabilize the inorganic clay with
low plasticity with 1% and 2% PPC help in giving essential
data to quality control engineer a more sustainable approach
to pavement construction. The accompanying key
conclusions drawn after investigative examinations are:
Soil stabilization with PPC offers the pavement engineer an
alternative to the traditional “remove and replace” strategies
commonly utilized. The process not only offers the ability to
enhance the engineering characteristics of an unsuitable soil,
but also offers the engineer a more sustainable approach to
pavement construction. It has been noted that fluid utmost
declines and plastic limit of confinement qualities are
declining yet the plasticity is diminishing contrasted and
untreated soil. The increment in most extreme dry thickness
is an after effect of flocculation and agglomeration of
inorganic clay with low plasticity soil particles with PPC
which is because of the consequence of beginning covering
of soils by cement to structure bigger total, which thus
possess bigger spaces.
Significant study conveys that CBR value of untreated CL
soil and same treated with 1% and 2 % PPC at 97% MDD
indicates the rise is more than 3 times compared to untreated
soil. Also as percentage of cement is increased enhanced
gain in CBR value is seen. CBR value obtained for 5 mm
penetration needs to be taken for pavement design purpose.
The dynamic compaction characteristics is on a rising trend
as number of blows increases with increasing in soil density
and hence its strength and resistance to mechanical damage.
It also reduces its water absorption.
REFERENCES
[1] A.C.S.V. Prasad, C.N.V. Satyanarayana Reddy,
“The Potential of Cement Stabilized Gravelly Soils
as Construction Material”, Proceedings of Indian
Geotechnical Conference December, 2011, Kochi.
[2] Christopher Holt (2010), “Chemical Stabilization of
Inherently Weak Subgrade Soils for Road
Construction – Applicability in Canada”,
Development of New Technologies for
Classification of Materials Session of the Annual
Conference of the Transportation Association of
Canada Halifax, Nova Scotia.
[3] GrytanSarkar, Md. Rafiqul Islam,
MuhammedAlamgir, Md. Rokonuzzaman (October
2012), “Study on the Geotechnical Properties of
Cement based Composite Fine-grained Soil”,
International Journal of Advanced Structures and
Geotechnical Engineering, ISSN 2319-5347, Vol.
01, No. 02
[4] IS: 2720 (Part II) – 1973, Determination of Water
Content.
[5] IS: 2720 (Part IV) – 1985, Determination of Grain
Size Analysis.
[6] IS: 2720 (Part V) – 1985, Determination of Liquid
and Plastic Limit.
[7] IS: 2720 (Part VIII) – 1987, Determination of Water
Content – Dry Density Relation Using Light
Compaction.
[8] IS: 2720 (Part XVI) – 1997, Laboratory
Determination of CBR.
[9] IS: 1498 – 1970, Classification and Identification of
Soils for General Engineering Purposes.
[10] Mehdi Gharib, Hamidreza Saba, ArashBarazesh
(2012), “An experimental study for identification
and comparison of plastic index and shrinkage

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properties of clay soils with the addition of cement”,
European Journal of Experimental Biology.
[11] Mohammed Y. Fattah, Firas A. Salman and Bestun
J. Nareeman (2010), “A treatment of expansive soil
using different additives”, ActaMontanisticaSlovaca.
[12] Sabry A. Shihata and Zaki A. Baghdadi (2001),
“Long-term strength and durability of soil cement”,
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING / MAY/JUNE 2001 / 161-165
[13] S. Bhuvaneshwari, R. G. Robinson, S. R. Gandhi
(2005), “Stabilization of Expansive Soils Using Fly
ash Fly Ash India”, New Delhi.
[14] Y. Keerthi, P. DivyaKanthi, N. Shyam Chamberlin,
B. Satyanarayana (April 2013), “Stabilization of
Clayey Soil using Cement Kiln Waste”,
International Journal of Advanced Structures and
Geotechnical Engineering ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 02,
No. 02.

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Investigating the modifications in properties of clayey soil utilizing ppc for variable dynamic compaction