IOT Basic of Electronics sensors actuators
- 1. BASIC ELETRONICS FOR IoT
- 2. IoT systems consist of sensors, actuators, microcontrollers, and communication modules. Sensors collect data from the environment, converting it into electrical signals. Actuators perform actions in response to signals from the IoT system. Microcontrollers process data and manage communication between sensors, actuators, and the cloud. KEY COMPONENTS:
- 3. Sensors detect physical changes and convert them into electrical signals. Common sensors in IoT include temperature, humidity, and motion sensors. Accurate sensor data is crucial for the effective functioning of IoT systems. Selecting the right sensor depends on the specific application and environment. Sensors:
- 4. Actuators convert electrical signals into physical actions. Examples include motors, valves, and relays used in IoT systems. Actuators enable IoT devices to interact with the physical world. Proper actuator selection enhances the efficiency and reliability of IoT solutions. Actuators:
- 5. Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits that manage IoT device operations. Popular microcontrollers for IoT include Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and ESP8266. They process sensor data, execute control algorithms, and handle communication tasks. Choosing the right microcontroller depends on power, memory, and connectivity requirements. Microcontrollers:
- 6. There are many communication protocols used in the Internet of Things (IoT), including: Zigbee popular protocol used by industrial companies that operates at 2.4 GHz. It's not ideal for smart home utilities, but it's suitable for small clusters of data on industrial sites. Advanced Message Queueing Protocol (AMQP) A protocol for receiving and placing messages in queues, and setting up relationships between components. However, it's not suitable for IoT devices with limited memory. LoRaWANA protocol that allows long-range, bidirectional communication at low cost and low power consumption. It also uses end-to-end encryption for secure transmission of consumption data. Communication Protocols:
- 7. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) A restricted protocol that allows devices with limited resources to connect to the internet, exchange messages, and transfer large data in blocks. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) A messaging protocol based on the publish-subscribe model that allows multiple clients to communicate with each other through a broker. It's reliable, secure, and can work on networks with low bandwidth. WiFi A protocol that's well-suited for LAN environments, allowing for fast data transfer. It uses internet protocols (IP) to communicate between endpoint devices. Bluetooth A protocol used by some IoT devices to communicate with other devices. Some IoT devices use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Cellular A widely available and well-known option for IoT applications, and it's a good choice for deployments that require longer communication ranges.
- 8. BASIC DEFINITIONS Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Charge can be positive or negative, and is measured in coulombs (C). Electrons carry negative charge, while protons carry positive charge. In IoT devices, managing electrical charge efficiently is crucial for device performance and longevity. Electric charge:
- 9. Electric current: An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface. Measured in amperes (A), current can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC).
- 10. How current flows Current is flow of electrons, but current and electron flow in the opposite direction. Current flows from positive to negative and electron flows from negative to positive. Current is determined by the number of electrons passing through a cross-section of a conductor in one second.
- 11. Direct current (DC) In this type, the current flows in only one direction, the advantage of this type of current is that it is very easy to store because almost all types of batteries use direct current, most electronics use direct current, computers, telephones, and satellites all work on DC. Alternating current(AC) In this type, the current changes its direction, and the graph of AC looks like a sine wave, which means the current flows to and fro, our household current changes directions 50 times a second; hence you can see 50Hz written on most of our electrical equipment.
- 12. A constant voltage source is called a DC voltage with a voltage that varies periodically with time is called an AC voltage. Voltage is measured in volts, with one volt being defined as the electrical pressure required to force an electrical current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm. Voltages are generally expressed in volts with prefixes used to denote sub-multiples of the voltage such as microvolts ( μv = 10– 6 V ), millivolts ( mv = 10–3 V ) or kilovolts ( kv = 103 V ). voltage can be either positive or negative.
- 13. Voltage Voltage describes the “pressure” that pushes electricity. The amount of voltage is indicated by a unit known as the volt (V), and higher voltages cause more electricity to flow to an electronic device. Definition is that voltage is the total work required to move a unit of charge between two points in a static electric field. As per voltage definition, it is the difference in the electric potential between two points. It is the work done in moving a charge from one pole to another through a wire. To determine the voltage between any two points, both a static electric field and a dynamic electromagnetic field is considered. The mathematical representation of voltage is as follows: • V = IR • V = Voltage in volts • I = Current in amperes • R = Resistance in ohms
- 14. •Voltage, ( V ) is the potential energy of an electrical supply stored in the form of an electrical charge. Voltage can be thought of as the force that pushes electrons through a conductor and the greater the voltage the greater is its ability to “push” the electrons through a given circuit. •As energy has the ability to do work this potential energy can be described as the work required in joules to move electrons in the form of an electrical current around a circuit from one point or node to another. •Then the difference in voltage between any two points, connections or junctions (called nodes) in a circuit is known as the Potential Difference, ( p.d. ) commonly called the Voltage Drop.
- 15. Voltage Symbols
- 16. Resistance The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. It is represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of resistance is the ohm, sometimes written out as a word, and sometimes symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega Ω. In IoT devices, resistors control voltage and current to ensure components operate within safe parameters.
- 17. • Resistance, ( R ) is the capacity of a material to resist or prevent the flow of current or, more specifically, the flow of electric charge within a circuit. The circuit element which does this perfectly is called the “Resistor”. • The unit prefixes used to denote Kilo-ohms ( kΩ = 103Ω ) and Mega-ohms ( MΩ = 106Ω ). Note that resistance cannot be negative in value only positive. • Selecting appropriate resistance values is key to designing efficient and reliable IoT circuits.
- 18. Resistor Symbols
- 19. • The amount of resistance a resistor has is determined by the relationship of the current through it to the voltage across it which determines whether the circuit element is a “good conductor” — low resistance, or a “bad conductor” — high resistance. • Low resistance, for example 1Ω or less implies that the circuit is a good conductor made from materials such as copper, aluminium or carbon while a high resistance, 1MΩ or more implies the circuit is a bad conductor made from insulating materials such as glass, porcelain or plastic. • A “semiconductor” on the other hand such as silicon or germanium, is a material whose resistance is half way between that of a good conductor and a good insulator. Hence the name “semi-conductor”. Semiconductors are used to make Diodes and Transistors etc.
- 20. •Resistance can be linear or non-linear in nature, but never negative. Linear resistance obeys Ohm’s Law as the voltage across the resistor is linearly proportional to the current through it. Non-linear resistance, does not obey Ohm’s Law but has a voltage drop across it that is proportional to some power of the current. •Resistance is pure and is not affected by frequency with the AC impedance of a resistance being equal to its DC resistance and as a result can not be negative. Remember that resistance is always positive, and never negative. •A resistor is classed as a passive circuit element and as such cannot deliver power or store energy. Instead resistors absorbed power that appears as heat and light. Power in a resistance is always positive regardless of voltage polarity and current direction.
- 21. Application of Ohm’s law To determine the voltage, resistance or current of an electric circuit. Ohm's law maintains the desired voltage drop across the electronic components. Ohm's law is also used in DC ammeter and other DC shunts to divert the current. Ohm's law : Ohm's law states that the voltage or potential difference between two points is directly proportional to the current or electricity passing through the resistance, and directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit. The formula for Ohm's law is V=IR.
- 22. Electric circuit An electric circuit is a closed circular loop in which electrons travel and produce electric current. The basic components of an electric circuit include a battery, a switch, a light bulb and conducting wires. Circuit design is fundamental for creating functional IoT devices. Understanding circuit diagrams is essential for troubleshooting and development. Prototype testing helps in refining circuit designs before final deployment.