IoT_Introduction.pdf

Internet of Things: Overview
Dr.M.Pyingkodi
Dept of MCA
Kongu Engineering College
Erode,Tamilnadu,India

Reference Books
Mayur Ramgir, “Internet of Things - Architecture, Implementation,
and Security”, 1st Edition, Pearson Publication, 2019 for Units
I,II,III.
Derek Molloy, “Exploring Raspberry Pi Interfacing to the Real
World with Embedded Linux”, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
2016 for Unit IV.
Perry Lea, “Internet of Things for Architects: Architecting IoT
solutions by implementing Sensor Communication Infrastructure,
Edge Computing, Analytics and Security”, 1st Edition, Packt
Publisher, 2018 for Unit V.

The network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing
network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration
between the physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting
in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
Internet of Everyting
Dr.M.Pyingkodi, Assistant Professor(Sr.Gr), MCA Department, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India

IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people, systems
and other applications to collect and share data.
IoT wants to connect all potential objects to interact each other on the internet to
provide secure, comfort life for human .
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain
complete control over their lives.
Common instances for embedded computing devices are MP3 players, MRI,
traffic lights, microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, GPS even
heart monitoring implants or biochip

5
RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech
To identify
and track
the data of
things
To collect and
process the
data to detect
the changes
in the physical
status of
things
To enhance the
power of the
network by
devolving
processing
capabilities to
different part of
the network.
To make the
smaller and
smaller things
have the ability
to connect and
interact.

The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting of networks of devices
and computers connected through a series of intermediate technologies where
numerous technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as enablers of this
connectivity.
 Tagging Things
Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs.
 Feeling Things
Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the environment.
 Shrinking Things
Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the ability of smaller things
to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
 Thinking Things
Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the network
connection to the Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent
control.
6

Environmental Monitoring
•with the aid of water or soil or air measurment device can say us how are well for
which plant
•with the aid of earthquake or tsunami warning systems we can prevent less damages
and victims
•we can monitor wild life habit and by this tracking prepare them their desire condition
and prevent their extinction
Infrastructure Management
monitoring and tracking if there is any problem in urban or rural Infrastructure such as
bridge , railway or etc to diminish and reduce risk of dangeour and any failure in
strength would be tested and alarm as soon as possible to repair it.
Industrial Applications
Industrial Applications investigate the quality of product in order to realtime
optimizing to have a good marketing
most intersed to which product and how this product can find marketing with which
tiny changes

• Energy Management
Energy Management are categorized with systems which are connected to
internet and with some sensor to reduce power consumption such as cloud
based, remote control for oven , lamp and etc
• Medical and Healthcare Systems
Healthcare Systems helps to improve patient state better by monitoring and
controling their heart rate or blood pressure or even for their diet.
smart tablet which show us how much dows with which gradient can helps
patient to get better.

Building and Home Automation
It is related to everything in home which have the potential to monitor and
remote control such as air condition , security lock lightening, heating,
ventilation, telephon syatem, tv to make a comfort , secure , with low energy
consumption.
Transport Systems
Transport Systems makes regular city and environment without less employeer
for police or station such as automatic configuration in traffic lights, smart
arking , traffic camera to detect which road has heavy traffic and offer
automatically less crowd road, or smart camera which fine driver in high speed.

Tier 1
Sensors are installed into the physical environment or objects to gather
data and events.
Tier 2
Microcontroller and Internet connectivity are responsible for sharing
gathered information by using sensors installed in the IoT implementation.
It also acts on the basis of this gathered information to alter the environment.
Tier 3
By using the aggregation and analysis of data, service platforms are able to
provide the necessary support to help in the smooth functioning of all the
sensors
First Two tiers deals hardware

A sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events
or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics,
frequently a computer processor.
A sensor is always used with other electronics.
the sensors have become so tiny that they can be attached to almost all the devices we
use personally and professionally
Bluetooth technology will aid to share the data among sensors
Ex:
The Bluetooth connectivity creates a communication medium between the
watch/band and smartphones.
On one hand, the band/watch can send collected data from sensors to the smart-
phone.
On the other hand, the smartphone can send notiﬁcation alerts to the watch/band.
sensor is embedded in the contact lens and clothing.
Magnetic tattoos that vibrate from incoming calls and messages

Magnetic tattoos that vibrate from incoming calls and messages.
This space-age sounding technology was possible by stamping a material into
your skin.
After this, the material gets paired with your smartphone to receive vibrating
alerts.
Researchers at Microsoft and the University of Washington worked together to
develop IoT contact lenses that could be implanted into your body to get real-
time updates about the biochemical changes inside your body.
The diabetes patients could use these contact lenses to monitor their insulin
levels.

Very Small computer with CPU
helps device storage and process of preprocessing before sending it to cloud
local storage of data,
data processing and
internet connectivity.
If we want to send the gathered data to the cloud database, the IoT needs internet
connectivity.
advanced sensors could generate over 10,000 data points per second.
Thus, it makes it very important to process and analyze the data locally before sending
it to the cloud database
The microcontroller comprises of a processor, a tiny amount of RAM to hold data, ﬂash
memory or EPROM to have embedded software, and solid-state memory to enable
caching of data
Networking - wired or wireless
wired connection uses external power source - rely on batteries
Wireless - WiFi,Wirelees modems and wireless mesh networks to connect to the
internet

for storing and making decisions based on the collected data from every type of
IoT devices
Deals with software
Cloud Appl is responsible for combining data collected from various IoT sensors
to provide useful insights that creates a business value
users can upgrade,monitor and maintain the firmware on any device.

a new paradigm that has changed the traditional way of living into a high tech
life style.
Smart city, smart homes, pollution control, energy saving, smart transportation,
smart industries are such transformations due to IoT.
IoT is progressively becoming an important aspect of our life that can be sensed
everywhere around us.
In whole, IoT is an innovation that puts together extensive variety of smart
systems, frameworks and intelligent devices and sensors
The Connected Age or the Age of Sensorization
Connected Age is data – data that can be collected, data that can be analysed,
data can be shared and data can be used to improve many service offerings.
The Robotic Age or the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Easy of Doing Things
Smart home
the ability to control domestic appliances by electronically controlled, internet-
connected systems
Emergency Services
Elderly people monitoring, accident detection devices
health conditions such as heart attack,accidents like fall
Security services
Motion sensors are critical for ensuring the safety of your home. These IoT
sensors can alert you of any suspicious activity inside or around your home.
They sense motion or vibration and can respond to 2D or 3D gestures.
Smart Cameras,Biometric Locks,Video Door Entry Systems,Fire/Smoke
Sensors,Motion Sensors

Process improvements
Automation at every stage to increase overall productivity
Ex: Sensor tracking the manufacturing process from raw material acquisition to selling the finished
goods in the shops
Sensors to schedule the manufacturing operations
Asset Utilization
Tracking the assets like machines, equipment, tools and soon
Maintenance can be schedule and fault can be detected in the real tiume
New market Opportunities
Reduces time to market and brings consumers closer to the brands
Ex:Retailers can use IoT to measure in-store foot traffic to optimize displays for maximum impact
based on customer habits.
Workplace security
Monitoring specific zones with motion detection cameras and processing the images with computer
vision algorithms to detect security flaws
Cost reduction
On-the-fly troubleshooting of office equipment catches problems before they impact staff and
employees, saving the hassle and costs of large repairs.

Security
Regulatory and Legal Issues
Network Latency
Unavailability of standardized platform and common Architecture
Scalability
Limited Types of sensors
Power Supply

• Lack of visibility
Users often deploy IoT devices without the knowledge of IT departments, which makes it impossible to have
an accurate inventory of what needs to be protected and monitored.
• Limited security integration
Because of the variety and scale of IoT devices, integrating them into security systems ranges from challenging
to impossible.
• Open-source code vulnerabilities
Firmware developed for IoT devices often includes open-source software, which is prone to bugs and
vulnerabilities.
• Overwhelming data volume
The amount of data generated by IoT devices make data oversight, management, and protection difficult.
• Poor testing
Because most IoT developers do not prioritize security, they fail to perform effective vulnerability testing to
identify weaknesses in IoT systems.
• Vulnerable APIs
APIs are often used as entry points to command-and-control centers from which attacks are launched, such as
SQL injection, distributed denial of service (DDoS), man-in-the-middle (MITM), and breaching networks
• Weak passwords
IoT devices are commonly shipped with default passwords that many users fail to change, giving cyber
criminals easy access. In other cases, users create weak passwords that can be guessed.

The Internet of Things (IOT) raises legal and regulatory challenges, mainly in the area of privacy
and security.
• Who owns the data
• anytime you connect something to the Internet, you open it up to an attack
• Are there privacy policies for IOT? What privacy protections exist? What can the devices
learn about you that you want to keep private?
Big market players in IOT will include:
• Self-driving cars (reduce accidents)
• Smart meters on household devices
• Surveillance
• Stores
• Home health care and hospital care

Latency is affected by several factors: distance, propagation delay, internet connection type,
website content, Wi-Fi, and your router.
The longer the device is asleep, the less power it consumes. This also means that there are
fewer opportunities for information to be exchanged. This impacts the performance of the
device, causing it to run slower (known as latency)
The amount of time between when data is sent from a connected device to when it returns to
the same device – which in turn limits IoT solutions' effectiveness
One of the many significant issues is the multitude of languages, protocols and standards, as
well as the lack of agreement on which it works best for individual layers of the IoT.
It does not have a single platform of standardization; it is changed due to the heterogeneity of
connected things.

The capability of a system to manage an increasing quantity of work by adding extra resources
if not handled early enough, such vulnerabilities might evolve into problems that risk higher
maintenance hours and latency issues.
related to the reduction of their cost, size, and energy consumption.
Moreover, additional efforts in design and development of nanoscale sensing materials have to
be made to achieve improved device performance.
IoT devices are often powered by a battery because they do not have direct access to a power
supply.
This is often caused by being located in places where access to the electric network is simply
not possible.

IoT_Introduction.pdf

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