Ipr & com con

Editor's Notes

• #10: * 2 of the most problematic areas in interpersonal relationships. The combine to be seen as Interpersonal Communications
• #36: Transition: Formal networks: planned structure of organizational communicative relationships -> optimal task fulfilment [2, 77] - management defines all the relationships between an employee and his colleagues which are necessary in order to do his work Two categories: Centralized networks: members can communicate with only one central person through which all information must pass unequal access to information: individuals at the centres have access to more information than those at the periphery - central person who is at the “crossroads” of the information flow
• #37: Structures within the organization charts e.g. „the y“ in the organization chart some of the possible configurations of connections between people - the way communication networks are actually planned - circles represent individuals - lines represent two-way lines of communication - example of formal communication within a hierarchy such as in the police force or civil force
• #38: - one group, person or department occupies a central position - e.g. head office communicating with salespeople in different regions
• #39: - one person passes information to the others, who then pass it on - e.g. Civil Service - advantage: leader at the top of the hierarchy who can oversee communications - disadvantage: isolation felt by those at the bottom of the network, less motivation
• #40: information can freely flow between members without going through a central person equal access to information - all members play an equal role in the transmittal of information
• #41: - sections or departments can communicate with only two others - e.g. between middle managers from different departments at the same level of the organisation - problem: decision-making can be slow or poor because of a lock of coordination
• #42: - may be used for small working groups - open communication system - good for brainstorming - disadvantage: slow
• #43: Informal Communication deviation from the planned communication structure e.g. the direction of the flow of information may be changed, top-down communication turns into a reciprocal communication e.g. leaving out people in the communication line e.g. integrating people into the communication line  
• #44: - Informal Networks: - consist of interaction patterns that are not designed by management can be based on physical proximity, shared career interests or personal friendships article about the exchange of email in an organization (E-mail reveals real leaders) used e-mail exchanges to build a map of the structure of an organization The map shows the teams in which people actually work, as opposed to those they are assigned to unofficial de facto leaders can also emerge big institutions tend to divide organically into informal collaborative networks, called communities of practice -> companies‘ informal structure the communities often crossed the formal departmental boundaries defined by the company - chain: every member passes on information, but to just one person - gossip one person passes on information to all the others that he encounters - probability chain no structure A is very talkative and outgoing type, passes on information to random contacts - cluster information is passed on to selected persons most common pattern selectivity: pass on information to people with whom you are in close contact
• #47: company newsletters: formal - impersonal - aimed at a general audience - regularly published internal documents - describe information of interest to employees regarding an array of business and nonbusiness issues affecting them - effective devices in improving employees’ attitudes because the mere act of publishing a newsletter sends a message that the company cares enough about its employees to communicate with them employee handbooks: formal - major formal means of communicating pertinent company information to employees - internally published - a document describing to employees basic information about the company - general reference regarding the company’s background, the nature of its business, and its rules - explains key aspects of the company’s policies - clarifies the expectations of the company and employees toward each other - clarifies company policies -> prevents lawsuits - useful means of effectively socializing new employees and promoting the company’s values company magazines: formal - sometimes published by a group of employees who spend part of their work time on the magazine - open dialogue between management and employees – e.g. critics and suggestions for improvement - account on organizational activities - readership includes pensioners - small ads - formal meetings - long interactions on pre-planned topics - often with multiple people - scheduled: planned in advance by both parties - frequently in a room designed for meetings [4] - arranged participants - participants in role - preset agenda - formal language and speech register Conclusion: formal communication channels: - mostly produce written messages - frequently one-way and take long for a response - one-way written communications tend to be reserved for formal, official messages that need to be referred to in the future at the receiver’s convenience (e.g. official announcements about position openings)
• #48: Formal communication is the process of sharing official information with others who need to know it. Formal communication usually follows the prescribed pattern of interrelationships between various units of an organization, which is commonly depicted in an organization chart. letters: formal - written messages used for external communication - personal - one-way (static) flyers and bulletins: formal - highly impersonal - not aimed at one specific individual - written information that is targeted broadly - one-way (static) [1, 292] bulletin boards: a board on which announcements are put, particularly at newsrooms, newspaper offices memos: formal - one-way (static) - written messages used for communication within an organization   fax: formal - one-way (static) all-employees mailings: formal - one-way (static)