IRJET - Effect of Partial and Total Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Mill Scale on the Properties of Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 08 Issue: 01 | Jan 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 19
Effect of Partial and Total Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Mill Scale
on the Properties of Concrete
Arpit Chatter1, Prof. J.N.Vyas2
1
M.Tech. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, MITM Ujjain, (M.P.), India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MITM Ujjain, (M.P.), India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Concrete is an artificial stones like material used
for various structural purposes. Natural aggregate is a major
ingredient of concrete which is mined and processed every
year, which leaves a significant mark on the environment. Due
to growing environmental concern innovations have been
directed towards usage of waste material as replacements of
natural material. The present work deals with the
development of mill scale(iron chips type industrial waste)
concrete with partial and total replacement of conventional
sand with Mill scale and the study is made with systematic
approach with sequential steps.
A conventional M20 grade Cement is prepared. In the mix
sand replacement by weight of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and
100% with Mill scale was considered. Concrete with these six
different mix ratios were prepared and for the sake of
exclusive reality, no plasticizer was used. For determinationof
compressive, tensile strength and flexuralstrengthofconcrete
cubes are casted keeping water/cement ratio 0.5 for all mix
proportions. For determination of compressive strength of
concrete cubes Compression testing machine wasused. Tensile
strength of concrete is determined by indirect method
(splitting tensile test) using UTM machine and 2 point loading
test is performed for determiningflexuralstrengthofconcrete.
Results are compared for varying mill scale content and
optimum mill scale content is found for higheststrengthvalue.
During the preparation of cube workability and water
absorption test of concrete also conducted for different mill
scale content.
Investigation concludes that with increase in mill scale in
concrete required higher workability value. Compression
strength of concrete is maximum corresponding to 40-60 %
mill scale content. Tensile strength and flexural strength of
concrete is maximum corresponding to total replacement of
mill scale content. It conclude that increase in mill scale
content increases the compressive strength up to a certain
limit and then decreases givesapickvalueofstrengthbetween
40-60 % replacement level .Tensile and flexural strengths are
increases as the replacement level increases.
Key Words: Mill scale,Compressivestrength,Splittensile
strength, Flexural strength , Workability characteristic ,
Sand replacement.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most popular building material in the world
as such by its ecstasy, there is no substituteforconcrete with
conventional constituents. But sustaining the building
activity in the long-term to meet the future demand for
buildings by using the currently available energy-intensive
materials and building techniques or technologies have
become seldom possible. The construction industries
contribute green house gas (GHG) emissions (22%) into the
atmosphere and as the public concern are sensibly
addressed regarding climate change resulting from the
increased concentrationofglobal warmingandsea level rise;
concrete technologists are facing the challenges of leading
future development in a way that protects environmental
quality while projecting concrete as a construction material
of preference. Of course, the current environmental
problems to technology choices thatobjecttheproductionof
durable and environmentally friendly concrete are well
related. The environmental impacts of the concreteindustry
by conservation of cement, aggregates, water or additives
and admixtures can be reduced through resource
productivity by conserving energy and material forconcrete
making and by improving the durability of concrete
products. Even though the task is most challenging as it
results and experiences in the scarcity ofresourcematerials,
it can be accomplished if pursued diligently through a
possible way without much affecting the basics and
requirements of concrete technology and construction
techniques so far applied. Inthisseries,globally,theproblem
of exploitation of conventional river sand is predominantly
referred by all.
Study on properties of concrete is carried out with usage of
mill scale in Portland cement concrete as a partial
replacement for natural fine aggregates. Billons of tones
industrial waste produced every year which is causing so
many environmental problems. The problem of waste
accumulation existworldwidespeciallyindenselypopulated
country like India.. Hence to overcome the above said the
waste product should be employed as constructionmaterial.
On the other hand usage of river sandasfineaggregatein the
concrete leads to exploitation of natural recourses,lowering
of water table and erosion of river bed. If fine aggregate
replaced by industrial waste by optimum percentage it will
trim down the usage of fine aggregate in construction
purposes thereby reducing the above ill effects.
Understanding the behavior of concrete in terms of strength

when mill scale waste is replaced in different proportion
with fine aggregates is the focus of this research.
2.OBJECTIVE
The scope and objectives are study in the development of
Mill scale concrete as detailed here.
 Investigation on the workability and strength
characteristics of mill scale based concrete for sand
replacement levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and
100% with Mill scale.
 Assessment of the comparison of characteristics of
different replacement concrete after analysis of
their experimental results.
 Assessment on the possibility of maximum
replacement level of sand with mill scale in M20
grade concrete.
 Assessment on the possibility of100%replacement
of fine aggregate with mill scale in M20 grade
concrete.
 Analyzing the results for comparison between sand
concrete and mill scale concrete.
 Arriving at solid conclusions andrecommendations.
3. MATERIAL USED
3.1Cement
Ordinary/Normal Portland cement (opc) of grade 43 is
taken for this project as per IS 8992-1989.
Table -1: Properties of Cement
No Material Properties Relevant codes
1
Cement
OPC 43
grade
Fineness 5 %
IS: 12269-1987
2 Specific
gravity
3.15
3 Initial
setting
time
55 min
4 Final
setting
time
525 min
3.2Fine Aggregate/sand
Sand taken for this project was tested for following
properties as per IS 2381 (Part1)-1963
Table -2: Properties of sand
No Material Properties Relevant codes
1
Fine
Aggregate
(Sand)
Fineness
modulus
2.71
IS: 2386
(Part-I) - 1963
2 Specific
gravity
2.56
3 Bulking
factor
35%
3.3 Mill Scale
Locally available Mill scale was the primary material used
in this experimental work. Properties of mill scale are as
follows
Table -3: Properties of Mill Scale
No Material Properties Relevant
codes
1
Fine
Aggregate
(Sand)
Fineness
modulus
3.36
IS: 2386
(Part-I) - 1963
2 Specific
gravity
2.03
3 Bulking
factor
47%
3.4 Coarse Aggregate
Table -4: Properties of Coarse Aggregate
No Material Properties Relevant
codes
1
Coarse
Aggregate
(Sand)
Maximum
size
12 mm
IS 383 – 1987
2 Fineness
modulus
7.14
3 Specific
gravity
2.61
4. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
The experimental part satisfactorily conducted forallthesix
different mix proportioned concrete grades, the properties
namely the workability and strength characteristics were
grouped type wise and analyzed. The test result,analysisand
comparison of test results are presented as detailed here.
There were six different mix proportions considered for
conventional sand concrete with sand replacements
accordingly 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with Mill
scale. The workability and strength in different aspects are
considered and analyzed here.

4.1 Partial replacement of sand with mill scale
Table -5: The Workability and Strength Characteristics of
M20 Concrete
Factors
Sand replacement by Mill scale for M20
Grade Concrete (1:1.5:3 w/c 0.5)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Slump(mm) 100 90 85 83 82 80
Compaction
factor
0.92 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80
Density
(kg/cm3)
2452 2590 2656 2748 2832 2914
fcu7 (MPa) 13.99 14.83 16.13 15.84 15.36 15.10
fcu14 (MPa) 19.48 20.01 22.54 21.78 21.21 20.95
fcu28 (MPa) 21.20 22.20 24.80 23.75 23.47 22.95
ftcy (MPa) 2.21 2.24 2.32 2.38 2.39 2.41
fcr (MPa) 3.44 3.52 3.53 3.53 3.54 3.54
4.2 Total replacement of sand with mill scale
Table -6: Workability and strength characteristics of SC and
MSC
No Factors SC MSC Remarks
1 Concrete Grade M20
2 Mix proportion
1: 1.5: 3
w/c = 0.5
1: 1.5: 3
w/c = 0.5
IS Method of
design
3 Density 2452.12 2913.85
SC is more
dance than
MSC
4 Slump mm 100 80 SC is workable
and MSC has
segregation
5
Compaction
factor
0.92 0.80
6 fcu7 (MPa) 13.99 15.10
Difference
(+7.9)%
7 fcu14 (MPa) 19.48 20.95
Difference
(+7.5)%
8 fcu28 (MPa) 21.20 22.95
Difference
(+8.25) %
9 ftcy (MPa) 2.21 2.41
Difference
(+9.05)%
10 fcr (MPa) 3.44 3.54
Difference
(+2.90)%
4.3Analysis for Workability Characteristics
The MC is coarser than sand but the amount of finer
particles retained in sieve size between 300 micron to 150
micron is almost double that of sand that increased the
water requirement. The MCC required water-cement ratio
ranging between 0.42 and 0.45 with 60% to 100%
replacement respectively. From the Chart 1, it was observed
that the workability goes on reducing according to the
percentage of sand replacement level in the slump test as
well as compaction factor. For the concrete having totally
sand replaced Mill scale concrete MCC, the same trend
existed compared to standard concrete SC as detailed in
chart 2.
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0 20 40 60 80 100
Compaction
factor
Percenatge replacement of sand with mill sca
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Slump
value
in
mm
Percenatge replacement of sand with mill scale
Chart -1: Comparison for workability test

75
80
85
90
95
100
SC MSC
Slump
Value
Type of concrete
Chart -2: workability characteristic for SC & MSC for M20
concrete
4.4 Analysis for Density Characteristics
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
Density
in
Kg/cm
3
Chart -3: Comparison of Density of M20 Concrete
4.5 Analysis for Strength Characteristics
Even though the 7 day strength was used to assess the
quality of the trial mix proportions, the rate of gain of
strength in 7, 14 and 28 days of curing was made for
comparison to study the variations if any due to percentage
variation in the sand replacement levels.
4.5.1 Rate of Gain of Compressive Strength
The rate of gain of cube compressive strength up to 28 days
is compared. The cube Compressive strength for concrete
mixes with replacement of fine aggregate using mill scale is
presented in Chart 4. It is observed that there is a reduction
of only 7.09 % for MSC compared to SC and is directly
proportional to the increase of sand replacement.
X Axis - Compressive strength in MPA
Y Axis – Age in days
Chart -4: Rate of strength development in M20 Concrete
4.5.2 Compressive Strength in 28 Days
The 28 day compressive strength of concrete grades
based on testing cubes are presented in Chart 5. As seen,
there is not much variation for the 28 daystrengthduetothe
variations in the percentage replacement of sand with mill
scale.
20
21
22
23
24
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
Compressive
strenth
Chart -5: Comparison of compressive strength of M20
Concrete
0 20 40 60 80 100

4.5.3 Splitting Tensile Strength in 28 Days
The splitting (indirect) tensile strength based on testing
cylinders on 28 day of curing are presented in Chart 6. As
observed, there is not much variation for the28daysplitting
tensile strength due to the variations in the percentage
replacement of sand.
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tensile
strenth
Chart -6: Comparison of Tensile strength of M20 Concrete
4.5.4 Flexural Strength
The flexural strength value by flexure test using prisms
are also presented in Chart 7 and it is clear that there is not
much variation with respect to variations in the percentage
replacement of sand with mill scale
Chart -7: Comparison of Flexural strength of M20
Concrete
0
5
10
15
20
25
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Fcu
(M
Fct
Fcr
X Axis:- Percentage Replacement of sand by mill scale
Y Axis :- Strength in Mpa
Chart -8: Comparison of 28 day Strength of M20 grade
concrete
4.6Total Replacement of Sand with Mill Scale
For the concrete grade of M20, exclusively sand concrete
and mill scale concrete were made to determine and
compare various strength parameters
4.6.1 Compressive Strength
It is observed from Chart 9 that the cube compressive
strength of MSC is uniformly more (7.5 to 8.25 %) than SC in
7, 14 and 28 days of testing. This increase in the strength of
MSC is due to interlocking nature of particles in the MS.
4.6.2 Splitting tensile strength and Flexural strength
The split tensile strength and Flexural strengthare more
for MSC in than SC, the difference is (9.05%) for split tensile
strength and (2.9-7.11%) for Flexural strength.
0
5
10
15
20
25
7 14 28
Fcu- SC
Fcu- Msc
Fcty - SC
Fcty-
MSC
Fcr- SC
Fcr- MSC
X Axis:- Percentage Replacement of sand by mill scale Y
Axis :- Strength in Mpa
Chart -9: Comparison of Strength properties of SC & MSC
of M20 grade concrete

5. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CONCLUSIONS
The experimental investigations were conducted with Mill
Scale as fine aggregate. Partial replacement and total
replacement of sand with mill scale was studied. Based on
this, concrete prepared and the characteristics in
Workability and Strength were studied and compared with
natural sand concrete. Based on the test results following
conclusions and recommendations are made.
1. The grading zone is same for mill scale and sand but, Mill
scale is coarser than sand. Sand particles are rounded and
globular where as mill scale particles are angular, flaky and
irregular in shape.
2. The Mill scale is coarser than sand but the amount of finer
particles between 300 - 150 micron is almost double that of
sand that increased the water requirement.
3. In the preliminary study for the conventional M20
concrete having sand replaced from 0-100 percent with mill
scale. The workability goes on reducing according to sand
replacement level (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and100%) by slump and
compaction factor. For the concrete having totally sand
replaced MSC, the same trend existed as standard concrete
SC.
4. The rate of gain of cube compressive strength of M20
grade concrete up to 28 days is typical for 0-100%
replacement of sand with mill scale. There is a reduction of
only 7.09 % for MSC compared to SC and is directly
proportional to the increase of sand replacement. There is
not much variation for the 28 day strength due to the
variations in the percentage replacement of sand with Mill
scale.
5. There is not much variation for the 28 day splitting tensile
strength and Flexural due to the variations inthepercentage
replacement of sand for M20 grade concrete.
6. For the M20 grade of MSC, the cube compressive strength
is uniformly more (7.5 to 8.25 %) than sand concretein7, 14
and 28 days. This increase in thestrengthduetointerlocking
nature of particles in the mill scale.
7. The split tensile strength and Flexural strength are more
for MSC in than SC, the difference is (9.05%) for split tensile
strength and (2.9-7.11%) for Flexural strength.
REFERENCES
[1] Shivam Nema, Pranjali Soley, Bhawsar, Ashish
Nim(2015) “Effect Of Mill Scale And Fly Ash Waste On
The Performance Of Cement Mortar”.
[2] Anupam Singhal1, Dipendu Bhunia1, Bartik
Pandel2(2015),“effect Of Sand Replacement By Mill
Scale On The Properties Of Concrete”.
[3] Y.I.Murty (2012), “Stabilization of soil expansive soil
using mill scale.
[4] Al-Otaibi (2008) “Investigated the possibility of
recycling steel mill scale in cementitious materials”.
[5] P.S.Kothai and Dr.R.Malathy (April 2014),“UtilizationOf
Steel Slag In Concrete As A Partial ReplacementMaterial
for Fine Aggregates”, International Journal ofInnovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN
print 2347-6710, Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp 11585 – 11592.
[6] Anzar Hamid Mir (March 2015), “Replacement of
Natural Sand with Efficient Alternatives: Recent
Advances in Concrete Technology”, Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-
9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, (Part -3), pp.51-58.
[7] Mahadev Shreemanth, K.P Shivananda and J.K
Dattattreya(Sept 2015) ”Effect of Replacement of Fine
Aggregate by Steel Slag Aggregates in concrete”,Journal
of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology p-
ISSN: 2349-8404; e-ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 2,
Number 15.
[8] N. Bhuvaneswari, Dr. K. Nirmalkumar(Oct 18),
”Comparative Study on Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregate with Steel Slag and Weld Slag in Concrete”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) Volume: 05 Issue: 10.
[9] Concrete technology by – M L Gambhir.
[10] Concrete technology by – M S Shetty.
[11] Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
(fourth edition), IS 456:2000, Bureau of India Standard,
New Delhi.
[12] I.S:516-1959: Specification for Method of test for
strength of concrete, Bureau of India Standard, New
Delhi, India.
[13] IS: 8112-1989 (Reaffirmed 2005): “Specification for 43
Grade Ordinary Portland Cement”, Bureau of Indian
Standard, New Delhi-2005

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