IRQs: the Hard, the Soft, the Threaded and the Preemptible

IRQs: the Hard, the Soft, the Threaded and the
Preemptible
Alison Chaiken
Latest version of these slides
alison@she-devel.com
Embedded Linux Conference Europe
Oct 11, 2016
Example code
Version 2, actually presented live

2
Thursday October 13, 2016 15:30:
Debugging Methodologies for Realtime Issues
Joel Fernandes, Google
this same room
Knocking at Your Back Door (or How Dealing with
Modern Interrupt Architectures can Affect Your Sanity)
Marc Zyngier, ARM Ltd
Hall Berlin A

3
Agenda
● Why do IRQs exist?
● About kinds of hard-IRQ handlers
● About softirqs and tasklets
● Differences in IRQ handling between RT and non-RT kernels
● Studying IRQ behavior via kprobes, event tracing, mpstat and
eBPF
● Detailed example: when does NAPI take over for eth IRQs?
“Kunst nicht lehrbar ist. Sie müssen wieder in der
Werkstatt aufgehen.” -- Walter Gropius

4
Sample questions to be answered
● What's all stuff in /proc/interrupts anyway?
● What are IPIs and NMIs?
● Why are atomic operations expensive for ARM?
● Why are differences between mainline and RT for softirqs?
● What is 'current' task while in softirq?
● What function is running inside the threaded IRQs?
● When do we switch from individual hard IRQ processing to
NAPI?

5
Interrupt handling: a brief pictorial summary
DennisJarvis,http://tinyurl.com/jmkw23h
onefulllife,http://tinyurl.com/j25lal5
Top half: the hard IRQ Bottom half: the soft IRQ

6
Why do we need interrupts at all?
● IRQs allow devices to notify the kernel that they require
maintenance.
● Alternatives include
– polling (servicing devices at a pre-configured
interval);
– traditional IPC to user-space drivers.
● Even a single-threaded RTOS or a bootloader needs a
system timer.

7
Interrupts in Das U-boot
● For ARM, minimal IRQ support:
– clear exceptions and reset timer (e.g., arch/arm/lib/interrupts_64.c
or arch/arm/cpu/armv8/exceptions.S)
● For x86, interrupts are serviced via a stack-push followed by a
jump (arch/x86/cpu/interrupts.c)
– PCI has full-service interrupt handling (arch/x86/cpu/irq.c)

8
Interrupts in RTOS: Xenomai/ADEOS IPIPE
From Adeos website, covered by GFDL

9
Zoology of IRQs
● Hard versus soft
● Level- vs. edge-triggered, simple, fast EOI
or per-CPU
● Local vs. global; System vs. device
● Maskable vs. non-maskable
● Shared or not; chained or not
● Multiple interrupt controllers per SOC
'cat /proc/interrupts' or 'mpstat -A'
ByBirdBeaksA.svg:L.Shyamalderivativework:Leptictidium(talk)-BirdBeaksA.svg,CCBY-SA2.5,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6626434

10
ARM IPIs, from arch/arm/kernel/smp.c
$ # cat /proc/interrupts, look at bottom
void handle_IPI(int ipinr, struct pt_regs *regs)
switch (ipinr) {
case IPI_TIMER:
tick_receive_broadcast();
case IPI_RESCHEDULE:
scheduler_ipi();
case IPI_CALL_FUNC:
generic_smp_call_function_interrupt();
case IPI_CPU_STOP:
ipi_cpu_stop(cpu);
case IPI_IRQ_WORK:
irq_work_run();
case IPI_COMPLETION:
ipi_complete(cpu);
}
Handlers are in
kernel/sched/core.c

11
What is an NMI?
● A 'non-maskable' interrupt is related to:
– HW problem: parity error, bus error, watchdog timer expiration . . .
– also used by perf
/* non-maskable interrupt control */
#define NMICR_NMIF 0x0001 /* NMI pin interrupt flag */
#define NMICR_WDIF 0x0002 /* watchdog timer overflow */
#define NMICR_ABUSERR 0x0008 /* async bus error flag */
From arch/arm/mn10300/include/asm/intctl-regs.h
ByJohnJewell-Fenix,CCBY2.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49332041
SKIP

12
How IRQ masking works
arch/arm/include/asm/irqflags.h:
#define arch_local_irq_enable arch_local_irq_enable
static inline void arch_local_irq_enable(void)
{ asm volatile(
"cpsie i @ arch_local_irq_enable"
::: "memory", "cc"); }
arch/arm64/include/asm/irqflags.h:
static inline void arch_local_irq_enable(void)
{ asm volatile(
"msr daifclr, #2 // arch_local_irq_enable"
::: "memory"); }
arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:
static inline notrace void arch_local_irq_enable(void)
{ native_irq_enable(); }
static inline void native_irq_enable(void)
{ asm volatile("sti": : :"memory"); }
“change processor state”
only current core
SKIP

13
x86's Infamous System Management Interrupt
● SMI jumps out of kernel into System Management Mode
– controlled by System Management Engine (Skochinsky)
● Identified as security vulnerability by Invisible Things Lab
● Not directly visible to Linux
● Traceable via hw_lat detector (sort of)
[RFC][PATCH 1/3] tracing: Added hardware latency tracer, Aug 4
From: "Steven Rostedt (Red Hat)" <rostedt@goodmis.org>
The hardware latency tracer has been in the PREEMPT_RT patch for some
time. It is used to detect possible SMIs or any other hardware interruptions that
the kernel is unaware of. Note, NMIs may also be detected, but that may be
good to note as well.

14
ARM's Fast Interrupt reQuest
● An NMI with optimized handling due to dedicated registers.
● Underutilized by Linux drivers.
● Serves as the basis for Android's fiq_debugger.

15
IRQ 'Domains' Correspond to Different INTC's
CONFIG_IRQ_DOMAIN_DEBUG:
This option will show the mapping relationship between hardware irq
numbers and Linux irq numbers. The mapping is exposed via debugfs
in the file "irq_domain_mapping".
Note:
● There are a lot more IRQs than in /proc/interrupts.
● There are more IRQs in /proc/interrupts than in 'ps axl | grep irq'.
● Some IRQs are not used.
● Some are processor-reserved and not kernel-managed.
SKIP

Example: i.MX6 General Power Controller
Unmasked IRQs can wakeup sleeping power domains.

Threaded IRQs in RT kernel
ps axl | grep irq
with both RT and non-RT kernels.
Handling IRQs as kernel threads allows priority and
CPU affinity to be managed individually.
IRQ handlers running in threads can themselves be
interrupted.

18
Quiz: What we will see
with 'ps axl | grep irq'
for nonRT kernels?
Why?
?
?
?
?
?? ??
?

What function do threaded IRQs run?
/* request_threaded_irq - allocate an interrupt line
* @handler: Function to be called when the IRQ occurs.
* Primary handler for threaded interrupts
* If NULL and thread_fn != NULL the default
* primary handler is installed
*
* @thread_fn: Function called from the irq handler thread
* If NULL, no irq thread is created
*/
Even in mainline, request_irq() = requested_threaded_irq()
with NULL thread_fn.
EXAMPLE

20
Result:
-- irq_default_primary_handler() runs in interrupt context.
-- All it does is wake up the thread.
-- Then handler runs in irq/<name> thread.
Result:
-- handler runs in interrupt context.
-- thread_fn runs in irq/<name> thread.
request_irq(handler) request_threaded_irq(handler, NULL)
direct invocation of request_threaded_irq()CASE 1
irq_setup_forced_threading()
CASE 0 indirect invocation of request_threaded_irq()

21
Threaded IRQs in RT, mainline and mainline with
“threadirqs” boot param
● RT: all hard-IRQ handlers that don't set IRQF_NOTHREAD run
in threads.
● Mainline: only those hard-IRQ handlers whose registration
requests explicitly call request_threaded_irq() run in threads.
● Mainline with threadirqs kernel cmdline: like RT, but CPU affinity
of IRQ threads cannot be set.
genirq: Force interrupt thread on RT
genirq: Do not invoke the affinity callback via a workqueue on RT

22
Shared interrupts: mmc driver
● Check 'ps axl | grep irq | grep mmc':
1 0 122 2 -51 0 - S ? 0:00 [irq/16-mmc0]
1 0 123 2 -50 0 - S ? 0:00 [irq/16-s-mmc0]
● 'cat /proc/interrupts': mmc and ehci-hcd share an IRQ line
16: 204 IR-IO-APIC 16-fasteoi mmc0,ehci_hcd:usb3
● drivers/mmc/host/sdhci.c:
ret = request_threaded_irq(host->irq, sdhci_irq, sdhci_thread_irq,
IRQF_SHARED,mmc_hostname(mmc), host);
handler thread_fn

Why are atomic operations more expensive (ARM)?
arch/arm/include/asm/atomic.h:
static inline void atomic_##op(int i, atomic_t *v)
{ raw_local_irq_save(flags);
v->counter c_op i;
raw_local_irq_restore(flags); }
include/linux/irqflags.h:
#define raw_local_irq_save(flags)
do { flags = arch_local_irq_save(); } while (0)
arch/arm/include/asm/atomic.h:
/* Save the current interrupt enable state & disable IRQs */
static inline unsigned long arch_local_irq_save(void) { . . . }

24
Introduction to softirqs
In kernel/softirq.c:
const char * const softirq_to_name[NR_SOFTIRQS] = {
"HI", "TIMER", "NET_TX", "NET_RX", "BLOCK", "BLOCK_IOPOLL",
"TASKLET", "SCHED", "HRTIMER", "RCU"
};
Tasklet interface Raised by devices Kernel housekeeping
In ksoftirqd, softirqs are serviced in the listed order.
IRQ_POLL since 4.4
Gone since 4.1

25
What are tasklets?
● Tasklets perform deferred work not handled by other softirqs.
● Examples: crypto, USB, DMA, keyboard . . .
● More latency-sensitive drivers (sound, PCI) are part of
tasklet_hi_vec.
● Any driver can create a tasklet.
● tasklet_hi_schedule() or tasklet_schedule() are called directly by
ISR.
const char * const softirq_to_name[NR_SOFTIRQS] = {
"HI", "TIMER", "NET_TX", "NET_RX", "BLOCK", "BLOCK_IOPOLL",
"TASKLET", "SCHED", "HRTIMER", "RCU"
};

26
[alison@sid ~]$ sudo mpstat -I SCPU
Linux 4.1.0-rt17+ (sid) 05/29/2016 _x86_64_(4 CPU)
CPU HI/s TIMER/s NET_TX/s NET_RX/s BLOCK/s TASKLET/s SCHED/s HRTIMER/s RCU/s
0 0.03 249.84 0.00 0.11 19.96 0.43 238.75 0.68 0.00
1 0.01 249.81 0.38 1.00 38.25 1.98 236.69 0.53 0.00
2 0.02 249.72 0.19 0.11 53.34 3.83 233.94 1.44 0.00
3 0.59 249.72 0.01 2.05 19.34 2.63 234.04 1.72 0.00
Linux 4.6.0+ (sid) 05/29/2016 _x86_64_(4 CPU)
0 0.26 16.13 0.20 0.33 40.90 0.73 9.18 0.00 19.04
1 0.00 9.45 0.00 1.31 14.38 0.61 7.85 0.00 17.88
2 0.01 15.38 0.00 0.20 0.08 0.29 13.21 0.00 16.24
3 0.00 9.77 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.00 8.50 0.00 15.32
Linux 4.1.18-rt17-00028-g8da2a20 (vpc23) 06/04/16 _armv7l_ (2 CPU)
0 0.00 999.72 0.18 9.54 0.00 89.29 191.69 261.06 0.00
1 0.00 999.35 0.00 16.81 0.00 15.13 126.75 260.89 0.00
Linux 4.7.0 (nitrogen6x) 07/31/16 _armv7l_ (4 CPU)
0 0.00 2.84 0.50 40.69 0.00 0.38 2.78 0.00 3.03
1 0.00 89.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.00 46.22
2 0.00 16.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 3.05
3 0.00 10.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 1.45
SKIP

27
Two paths by which softirqs run
Related demo and sample code
system
management thread
run_ksoftirqd()
Hard-IRQ handler system
management thread
exhausts timeslice?
local_bh_enable()
raises softirqraises softirq
__do_softirq()do_current_softirqs()
(RT) or
__do_softirq()
CASE 0
(left)
CASE 1
(right)

28
Case 0: Run softirqs at exit of a hard-IRQ handler
while (current->softirqs_raised) {
i = __ffs(current->softirqs_raised);
do_single_softirq(i);
}
RT (4.6.2-rt5) non-RT (4.6.2)
local_bh_enable(); local_bh_enable();
__local_bh_enable(); do_softirq();
do_current_softirqs(); __do_softirq();
Run softirqs raised
in the current context.
Run all pending softirqs up to
MAX_IRQ_RESTART.
handle_pending_softirqs();
handle_softirq(); while ((softirq_bit = ffs(pending)))
handle_softirq();
EXAMPLE

29
Case 1: Scheduler runs the rest from ksoftirqd
RT (4.6.2-rt5) non-RT (4.6.2)
do_softirq();
__do_softirq();
h = softirq_vec;
while ((softirq_bit = ffs(pending)))
{
h += softirq_bit - 1;
h->action(h);
}
run_ksoftirqd(); run_ksoftirqd();
do_current_softirqs()
[ where current == ksoftirqd ]

30
4.6.2-rt5:
[ 6937.393805] e1000e_poll+0x126/0xa70 [e1000e]
[ 6937.393808] check_preemption_disabled+0xab/0x240
[ 6937.393815] net_rx_action+0x53e/0xc90
[ 6937.393824] do_current_softirqs+0x488/0xc30
[ 6937.393831] do_current_softirqs+0x5/0xc30
[ 6937.393836] __local_bh_enable+0xf2/0x1a0
[ 6937.393840] irq_forced_thread_fn+0x91/0x140
[ 6937.393845] irq_thread+0x170/0x310
[ 6937.393848] irq_finalize_oneshot.part.6+0x4f0/0x4f0
[ 6937.393853] irq_forced_thread_fn+0x140/0x140
[ 6937.393857] irq_thread_check_affinity+0xa0/0xa0
[ 6937.393862] kthread+0x12b/0x1b0
} hard-IRQ handler
kick-off softIRQ
}
4.7 mainline:
[11661.191187] e1000e_poll+0x126/0xa70 [e1000e]
[11661.191197] net_rx_action+0x52e/0xcd0
[11661.191206] __do_softirq+0x15c/0x5ce
[11661.191215] irq_exit+0xa3/0xd0
[11661.191222] do_IRQ+0x62/0x110
[11661.191230] common_interrupt+0x82/0x82
hard-IRQ handler
}
kick off soft IRQ
RT vs Mainline: entering softirq handler SKIP

31
Summary of softirq execution paths
Case 0: Behavior of local_bh_enable() differs
significantly between RT and mainline kernel.
Case 1: Behavior of ksoftirqd itself is mostly the
same (note discussion of ktimersoftd below).

32
What is 'current'?
include/asm-generic/current.h:
#define get_current() (current_thread_info()->task)
#define current get_current()
arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h:
static inline struct thread_info *current_thread_info(void)
{ return (struct thread_info *) (current_stack_pointer &
~(THREAD_SIZE - 1));
}
arch/x86/include/asm/thread_info.h:
static inline struct thread_info *current_thread_info(void)
{ return (struct thread_info *)(current_top_of_stack() -
THREAD_SIZE);}
In do_current_softirqs(), current is the threaded IRQ task.

33
What is 'current'? part 2
arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h:
/*
* how to get the current stack pointer in C
*/
register unsigned long current_stack_pointer asm ("sp");
arch/x86/include/asm/thread_info.h:
static inline unsigned long current_stack_pointer(void)
{
unsigned long sp;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
asm("mov %%rsp,%0" : "=g" (sp));
#else
asm("mov %%esp,%0" : "=g" (sp));
#endif
return sp;
}
SKIP

34
Q.: When do
systemmanagement
softirqs get to run?
?
?
? ?
?
? ??
?

35
Introducing systemd-irqd!!†
†
As suggested by Dave Anders

36
Do timers, scheduler, RCU ever run as part of
do_current_softirqs?
Examples:
-- every jiffy,
raise_softirq_irqoff(HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ);
-- scheduler_ipi() for NOHZ calls
raise_softirq_irqoff(SCHED_SOFTIRQ);
-- rcu_bh_qs() calls
raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ);
These run when ksoftirqd is current.

37
Demo: kprobe on do_current_softirqs() for RT kernel
● At Github
● Counts calls to do_current_softirqs() from ksoftirqd and from a
hard-IRQ hander.
● Tested on 4.4.4-rt11 with Boundary Devices' Nitrogen i.MX6.
Output showing what task of 'current_thread' is:
[ 52.841425] task->comm is ksoftirqd/1
[ 165.260476] task->comm is irq/43-2188000.
[ 225.321529] task->comm is irq/43-2188000.
explanation

38
struct task_struct {
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT_BASE
struct rcu_head put_rcu;
int softirq_nestcnt;
unsigned int softirqs_raised;
#endif
};
Softirqs can be pre-empted with PREEMPT_RT
include/linux/sched.h:

39
RT-Linux headache: 'softirq starvation'
● ksoftirqd scarcely gets to run.
● Events that are triggered by timer interrupt won't happen.
● Example: main event loop in userspace did not run due to
missed timer ticks.
Reference: “Understanding a Real-Time System” by Rostedt,
slides and video
“sched: RT throttling activated” or
“INFO: rcu_sched detected stalls on CPUs”

40
(partial) RT solution: ktimersoftd
Author: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Date: Wed Jan 20 2016 +0100
softirq: split timer softirqs out of ksoftirqd
With enough networking load it is possible that the system
never goes idle and schedules ksoftirqd and everything else
with a higher priority. One of the tasks left behind is one of
RCU's threads and so we see stalls and eventually run out of
memory. This patch moves the TIMER and HRTIMER
softirqs out of the `ksoftirqd` thread into its own `ktimersoftd`.
The former can now run SCHED_OTHER (same as mainline)
and the latter at SCHED_FIFO due to the wakeups. [ . . . ]

42
ftrace produces a copious amount of output

43
Investigating IRQs with eBPF: bcc
● BCC - Tools for BPF-based Linux analysis
● tools/ and examples/ illustrate interfaces to kprobes and
uprobes.
● BCC tools are:
– a convenient way to study arbitrary infrequent events
dynamically;
– based on dynamic code insertion using Clang Rewriter JIT;
– lightweight due to in-kernel data storage.

44
eBPF, IOvisor and IRQs: limitations
● JIT compiler is currently available for the x86-64, arm64, and
s390 architectures.
● No stack traces unless CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y
● Requires recent kernel, LLVM and Clang
● bcc/src/cc/export/helpers.h:
#ifdef __powerpc__
[ . . . ]
#elif defined(__x86_64__)
[ . . . ]
#else
#error "bcc does not support this platform yet"
#endif

45
bcc tips
● Kernel source must be present on the host where the probe
runs.
● /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build/include/generated must exist.
● To switch between kernel branches and continue quickly using
bcc:
– run 'mrproper; make config; make'
– 'make' need only to populate include/generated in kernel source
before bcc again becomes available.
– 'make headers_install' as non-root user
SKIP

46
Get latest version of clang by compiling from source
(or from Debian Sid)
$ git clone http://llvm.org/git/llvm.git
$ cd llvm/tools
$ git clone --depth 1 http://llvm.org/git/clang.git
$ cd ..; mkdir build; cd build
$ cmake .. -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="BPF;X86"
$ make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
SKIP
from samples/bpf/README.rst

47
Example: NAPI: changing the bottom half
DiO.Quincel-Operapropria,CCBY-SA4.0
ByMcSmit-Ownwork,CCBY-SA3.0

48
Quick NAPI refresher
The problem:
“High-speed networking can create thousands of interrupts per
second, all of which tell the system something it already knew: it has
lots of packets to process.”
The solution:
“Interrupt mitigation . . . NAPI allows drivers to run with (some)
interrupts disabled during times of high traffic, with a corresponding
decrease in system load.”
The implementation:
Poll the driver and drop packets without processing in the NIC if the
polling frequency necessitates.
net/core/dev.c in RT

49
Example: i.MX6 FEC RGMII NAPI turn-on
static irqreturn_t fec_enet_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id)
[ . . . ]
if ((fep->work_tx || fep->work_rx) && fep->link) {
if (napi_schedule_prep(&fep->napi)) {
/* Disable the NAPI interrupts */
writel(FEC_ENET_MII, fep->hwp + FEC_IMASK);
__napi_schedule(&fep->napi);
}
}
== irq_forced_thread_fn() for irq/43
Back to threaded IRQs

50
Example: i.MX6 FEC RGMII NAPI turn-off
static int fec_enet_rx_napi(struct napi_struct *napi, int budget){
[ . . . ]
pkts = fec_enet_rx(ndev, budget);
if (pkts < budget) {
napi_complete(napi);
writel(FEC_DEFAULT_IMASK, fep->hwp + FEC_IMASK);
}
}
netif_napi_add(ndev, &fep->napi, fec_enet_rx_napi,
NAPI_POLL_WEIGHT);
Interrupts are re-enabled when budget is not consumed.

Using existing tracepoints
● function_graph tracing causes a lot of overhead.
● How about napi_poll tracer in /sys/kernel/debug/events/napi?
– Fires constantly with any network traffic.
– Displays no obvious change in behavior when eth IRQ is
disabled and polling starts.

52
The Much Easier Way:
BCC on x86_64 with
4.6.2-rt5 and Clang-3.8

53
Handlind Eth IRQs in ksoftirqd on x86_64, but NAPI?
root $ ./stackcount.py e1000_receive_skb
Tracing 1 functions for "e1000_receive_skb"
^C
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
do_current_softirqs
run_ksoftirqd
smpboot_thread_fn
kthread
ret_from_fork
1
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
do_current_softirqs
__local_bh_enable
irq_forced_thread_fn
irq_thread
kthread
ret_from_fork
26469
running from
ksoftirqd, not from
hard IRQ handler.
Normal behavior:
packet handler runs
immediately after eth
IRQ, in its context.
COUNTS
4.6.2-rt5

54
Switch to NAPI on x86_64
[alison@sid]$ sudo modprobe kp_ksoft eth_irq_procid=1
[ ] __raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft: 582 hits
[ ] kprobe at ffffffff81100920 unregistered
[alison@sid]$ sudo ./stacksnoop.py __raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft
144.803096056 __raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft
ffffffff81100921 __raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft
ffffffff810feda9 do_current_softirqs
ffffffff810ffeae run_ksoftirqd
ffffffff8114d255 smpboot_thread_fn
ffffffff81144a99 kthread
ffffffff8205ed82 ret_from_fork

55
Same Experiment, but non-RT 4.6.2
Most frequent:
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
__softirqentry_text_start
irq_exit
do_IRQ
ret_from_intr
cpuidle_enter
call_cpuidle
cpu_startup_entry
start_secondary
1016045
Run in ksoftirqd:
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
run_ksoftirqd
smpboot_thread_fn
kthread
ret_from_fork
1162
At least 70 other call stacks observed in a few seconds.
SKIP

56
Due to handle_pending_softirqs(), any hard IRQ can run before a
given softirq (non-RT 4.6.2)
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
irq_exit
do_IRQ
ret_from_intr
pipe_write
__vfs_write
vfs_write
sys_write
entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath
357
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
irq_exit
do_IRQ
ret_from_intr
__alloc_pages_nodemask
alloc_pages_vma
handle_pte_fault
handle_mm_fault
__do_page_fault
do_page_fault
page_fault
366

57
Same Experiment, but 4.6.2 with 'threadirqs' boot param
e1000_receive_skb
e1000e_poll
net_rx_action
do_softirq_own_stack
do_softirq.part.16
__local_bh_enable_ip
irq_forced_thread_fn
irq_thread
kthread
ret_from_fork
569174
With 'threadirqs'
cmdline parameter at
boot.
Note:
no do_current_softirqs()

58
Investigation on ARM:
kprobe with 4.6.2-rt5

59
Documentation/kprobes.txt
“In general, you can install a probe
anywhere in the kernel.
In particular, you can probe interrupt handlers.”
Takeaway: not limited to existing tracepoints!

60
root@nitrogen6x:~# insmod 4.6.2/kp_raise_softirq_irqoff.ko
[ 1749.935955] Planted kprobe at 8012c1b4
[ 1749.936088] Internal error: Oops - undefined instruction: 0 [#1]
PREEMPT SMP ARM
[ 1749.936109] Modules linked in: kp_raise_softirq_irqoff(+)
[ 1749.936116] CPU: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 4.6.2
[ 1749.936119] Hardware name: Freescale i.MX6 Quad/DualLite
[ 1749.936131] PC is at __raise_softirq_irqoff+0x0/0xf0
[ 1749.936144] LR is at __napi_schedule+0x5c/0x7c
[ 1749.936766] Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception in
interrupt
Not quite anywhere
Mainline stable 4.6.2

61
Adapt samples/kprobes/kprobe_example.c
/* For each probe you need to allocate a kprobe structure */
static struct kprobe kp = {
.symbol_name= "__raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft",
};
/* kprobe post_handler: called after the probed instruction is executed */
static void handler_post(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,unsigned
long flags)
{
unsigned id = smp_processor_id();
/* change id to that where the eth IRQ is pinned */
if (id == 0) { pr_info("Switched to ethernet NAPI.n");
pr_info("post_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, pc = 0x%lx,"
" lr = 0x%lx, cpsr = 0x%lxn",
p->addr, regs->ARM_pc, regs->ARM_lr, regs->ARM_cpsr); }
}
code at Github
in net/core/dev.c

62
Watching net_rx_action() switch to NAPI
alison@laptop:~# make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-
gnueabi- samples/kprobes/ modules
root@nitrogen6x:~# modprobe kp_ksoft.ko eth_proc_id=1
root@nitrogen6x:~# dmesg | tail
[ 6548.644584] Planted kprobe at 8003344
root@nitrogen6x:~# dmesg | grep post_handler
root@nitrogen6x:~#
. . . . . Start DOS attack . . . Wait 15 seconds . . . .
root@nitrogen6x:~# dmesg | tail
[ 6548.644584] Planted kprobe at 80033440
[ 6617.858101] pre_handler: p->addr = 0x80033440, pc = 0x80033444,
lr = 0x80605ff0, cpsr = 0x20070193
[ 6617.858104] Switched to ethernet NAPI.

63
Another example of output
Insert/remove two probes during packet storm:
root@nitrogen6x:~# modprobe -r kp_ksoft
[ 232.471922] __raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft: 14 hits
[ 232.471922] kprobe at 80033440 unregistered
root@nitrogen6x:~# modprobe -r kp_napi_complete
[ 287.225318] napi_complete_done: 1893005 hits
[ 287.262011] kprobe at 80605cc0 unregistered

64
Counting activation of two softirq execution paths
show you the codez
static struct kprobe kp = {
.symbol_name= "do_current_softirqs",
};
if (raised == NET_RX_SOFTIRQ) {
ti = current_thread_info();
task = ti->task;
if (chatty)
pr_debug("task->comm is %sn", task->comm);
if (strstr(task->comm, "ksoftirq"))
p->ksoftirqd_count++;
if (strstr(task->comm, "irq/"))
p->local_bh_enable_count++;
}
previously included results
modprobe kp_do_current_softirqs chatty=1
store counters in
struct kprobe{}

65
Summary
● IRQ handling involves a 'hard', fast part or 'top half' and a 'soft',
slower part or 'bottom half.'
● Hard IRQs include arch-dependent system features plus
software-generated IPIs.
● Soft IRQs may run directly after the hard IRQ that raises them,
or at a later time in ksoftirqd.
● Threaded, preemptible IRQs are a salient feature of RT Linux.
● The management of IRQs, as illustrated by NAPI's response to
DOS, remains challenging.
● If you can use bcc and eBPF, you should be!

66
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Sebastian Siewor, Brenden Blanco, Brendan Gregg,
Steven Rostedt and Dave Anders for advice and inspiration.
Special thanks to Joel Fernandes and Sarah Newman for detailed
feedback on an earlier version.

67
Useful Resources
● NAPI docs
● Documentation/kernel-per-CPU-kthreads
● Documentation/DocBook/genericirq.pdf
● Brendan Gregg's blog
● Tasklets and softirqs discussion at KLDP wiki
● #iovisor at OFTC IRC
● Alexei Starovoitov's 2015 LLVM Microconf slides

69
Softirqs that don't run in context of hard-IRQ handlers
run “on behalf of ksoftirqd”
static inline void ksoftirqd_set_sched_params(unsigned int cpu)
{
/* Take over all but timer pending softirqs when starting */
local_irq_disable();
current->softirqs_raised = local_softirq_pending() & ~TIMER_SOFTIRQS;
local_irq_enable();
}
static struct smp_hotplug_thread softirq_threads = {
.store = &ksoftirqd,
.setup = ksoftirqd_set_sched_params,
.thread_should_run = ksoftirqd_should_run,
.thread_fn = run_ksoftirqd,
.thread_comm = "ksoftirqd/%u",
};

70
Compare output to source with GDB
[alison@hildesheim linux-4.4.4 (trace_napi)]$ arm-linux-gnueabihf-gdb vmlinux
(gdb) p *(__raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft)
$1 = {void (unsigned int)} 0x80033440 <__raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft>
(gdb) l *(0x80605ff0)
0x80605ff0 is in net_rx_action (net/core/dev.c:4968).
4963 list_splice_tail(&repoll, &list);
4964 list_splice(&list, &sd->poll_list);
4965 if (!list_empty(&sd->poll_list))
4966 __raise_softirq_irqoff_ksoft(NET_RX_SOFTIRQ);
4967
4968 net_rps_action_and_irq_enable(sd);
4969 }

IRQs: the Hard, the Soft, the Threaded and the Preemptible

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