2. SYLLABUS:
• Personal protection in the work environment,
• Types of PPEs, Personal protective equipment - respiratory and non-respiratory
equipment.
• Standards related to PPEs.
• Monitoring Safety Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, incidence rate,
activity rate.
• Housekeeping: Responsibility of management and employees. Advantages of good
housekeeping.
• 5 elements of housekeeping. Work permit system- objectives, hot work and cold
work permits.
• Typical industrial models and methodology. Entry into confined spaces.
3. Employers have duties concerning the
provision and use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) at work - Article 16 -
Occupational Safety and Health Convention,
1981 (No. 155)
4. PERSONAL PROTECTION IN THE WORK
ENVIRONMENT
• The primary approach in any safety effort is that the
hazard to the workmen should be eliminated or
controlled by engineering methods rather than
protecting the workman through use of personal
protective equipment (PPE).
• Engineering methods could include design, change,
substitution, ventilation, mechanical handling,
automation, etc.
• In situations where it is not possible to introduce any
effective engineering methods for controlling
hazards, the workman shall use appropriate types of
PPE.
• For example, in construction work there is the
possibility of a hand tool, a bolt, or some loose material
to fall from an elevated level and strike the head of
workman below. It is therefore necessary that the
5. ● It is for such situations, both the Factories Act,
1948 and the Atomic Energy (Factories) Rules,
have provisions for use of appropriate type of PPE.
● Use of PPE is an important and necessary
consideration in the safety development of a safety
programme.
● Once the safety professional decides that PPE is to
be used by workmen, it becomes essential to select
the right type of PPE and the management should
ensure that the workman not only uses it but
maintains it correctly.
6. • PPE is needed when there are hazards
present.
• PPE has the serious limitation that it does
not eliminate the hazard at the source and
may result in employees being exposed to
the hazard if the equipment fails.
• Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between
the wearer/user and the working
environment.
• This can create additional strains on the
wearer, impair their ability to carry out their
work and create significant levels of
discomfort.
• Any of these can discourage wearers from
using PPE correctly, therefore placing them
at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme
circumstances, death.
• Good ergonomic design can help to
7. •PPE must meet the following criteria with regard to its quality:
• provide absolute and full protection against possible
hazard; and
• it should be designed and manufactured out of such
material that it can withstand the hazard against which it is
intended to be used.
Quality of
PPE
8. CATEGORIES OF
PPE
•Depending upon the nature of hazard,
the PPE is broadly divided into the
following two categories:
• Non-respiratory: those used
for protection against injury
from outside the body, i.e. for
protecting the head, eye,
face, hand, arm, foot, leg and
other body parts, and
• Respiratory: those used for
protection from harm due to
inhalation of contaminated
air.
9. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS
• PPE is equipment that will protect the user against the risk of accidents or of adverse
effects on health.
• It can include items such as;
• Safety helmets
• Gloves
• Eye protection goggles
• High-visibility clothing
• Safety footwear
• Safety harnesses
• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE).
10. Why is PPE
important?
• Even where engineering controls and
safe systems of work have been
applied, some hazards might remain.
• These include injuries to:
• The lungs, e.g. From breathing in
contaminated air;
• The head and feet, e.g. From
falling materials;
• The eyes, e.g. From flying
particles or splashes of corrosive
liquids;
• The skin, e.g. From contact with
corrosive materials;
• The body, e.g. From extremes of
heat or cold.
• PPE is needed in these cases to
reduce the risk.
ARJUN P K
11. When selecting and
using PPE
1. Choose products which are suitable to the residual
risk and are the required standard, suppliers can
advise you.
2. Choose equipment that suits the user – consider the
size, fit and weight of the PPE. If the users help
choose it, they will be more likely to use it.
3. If more than one item of PPE is worn at the same
time, make sure they can be used together, e.g.
wearing safety glasses may disturb the seal of a
respirator, causing air leaks.
4. Instruct and train people how to use it, e.g. train
people to remove gloves without contaminating their
skin.
5. PPE must be properly looked after and stored when
12. Types of PPE
There are two types of PPE
1. Simple personal protective equipment –
this refers to equipment that has a
basic design model, it protects against
lower risk hazards.
2. Complex personal protective equipment
– this refers to equipment that it more
of a technical design and provides
protection against fatal or serious risk.
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14. • Glare and radiation as in the case of welding;
• Flying fragments as in the case of grinding, turning on a lathe or a milling machine;
• Dust as in the case of carpentry and foundry
• Chemical splashes in chemical industries; Molten metal in foundries.
• Eye-shields, goggles and safety spectacles are the chief means of eye
protection
PPE FOR EYES
PROTECTION
EYES SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM
15. Types of PPE that can be used
Eyes
• Hazards
• Chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas,
welding light, vapour, radiation, sparks
• Options
• Safety spectacles, goggles, face screens, face
shields, and visors
• Make sure the eye protection chosen has the right
combination of impact/dust/ splash/molten metal
eye protection for the task and fits the user
properly.
23. •Head is to be protected against -
i)Objects falling from a height particularly in construction sites;
ii)Heat near the boilers and furnaces;
•ii) Splashing of chemicals.
•Various types of industrial helmets are available and they are selected and used by the employees
according to the requirements.
•Women worker have to use hair nets and safety caps if there is a risk of hair becoming caught in
gears, drills or spinning shafts of machine.
PPE FOR
HEAD
24. PPE FOR HEAD
AND NECK
Head and neck
• Hazards
• Impact from falling or flying objects,
risk of head bumping, hair getting
tangled in machinery, chemical drips or
splash, climate or temperature
• Options
• Industrial safety helmets, bump caps,
hairnets and firefighters’ helmets
• Some safety helmets incorporate or
can be fitted with specially-designed
eye or hearing protection.
• Don’t forget neck protection, e.g.
scarves for use during welding.
27. PPE FOR
EARS
Ears
• Hazards
• Noise – a combination of sound level and duration
of exposure, very high-level sounds are a hazard
even with short duration
• Options
• Earplugs, earmuffs, semi-insert/canal caps
• Provide the right hearing protectors for the type of
work, and make sure workers know how to fit them.
• Choose protectors that reduce noise to an
acceptable level, while allowing for safety and
communication.
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28. • Hazards
• Abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals,
electric shock, radiation, biological agents and prolonged immersion in
water
• Options
• Gloves, gloves with a cuff, gauntlets and sleeving that covers part or all of
the arm
• Some materials are quickly penetrated by chemicals – take care in
selection
• Wearing gloves for long periods can make the skin hot and sweaty,
leading to skin problems. Using separate cotton inner gloves can help
Types of PPE
that can be
used FOR
Hands and
Arms
29. Types of PPE that can be
used FOR FEET & LEGS
• Hazards
• Wet, hot and cold conditions, electrostatic build-up,
slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects, heavy loads,
metal and chemical splash, vehicles
• Options
• Safety boots and shoes with protective toecaps and
penetration-resistant, mid-sole wellington boots and
specific footwear, e.g. foundry boots and chainsaw boots
• Footwear can have a variety of sole patterns and
materials to help prevent slips in different conditions,
including oil- or chemical-resistant soles.
• It can also be anti-static, electrically or thermally non-
conductive.
30. Foot protection
•In foundries, the workers must wear safety
footwear which will protect their feet from
injuries due to handling of molten metal. In
some cases, special types of safety shoes are
to be used to avoid injuries due to falling
weight on toes.
•Personal protective equipment should be used
as a last resort. The primary thing is to
eliminate the hazards so that a careless
employee will not be in danger even if he does
not wear a hat or an apron.
31. Types of PPE that can be used
FOR LUNGS
Lungs
• Hazards
• Oxygen-deficient atmospheres, dusts, gases and vapours
• Options
• respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
• Some respirators rely on filtering contaminants from
workplace air.
• These include simple filtering facepieces and respirators
• Wearers must ensure the RPE fits properly, e.g. for tight-
fitting respirators (filtering facepieces, half and full masks).
• There are also types of breathing apparatus which give an
independent supply of breathable air, e.g. fresh-air hose,
compressed airline and self-contained breathing apparatus.
33. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (RPE)
• Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)
is a particular type of Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE), used to
protect the individual wearer against
the inhalation of hazardous substances
in the workplace air.
• RPE should only be used where
adequate control of exposure cannot
be achieved by other means, in other
words, as a last resort within the
hierarchy of control measures:
Elimination, Substitution, Engineering
Controls, Administrative Controls, PPE.
• Employees are required to firstly
attempt to eliminate hazard at
source. RPE Should only be used after
all other reasonably practicable
34. • RPE is considered a last resort
because it only protects individual
workers, is prone to failure or
misuse, such as wearing the wrong
RPE for to the job, and employees
wearing RPE may get a false sense of
security when using RPE. Respiratory
Protective Equipment (RPE) not worn
or selected appropriately is totally
ineffective and may give the user a
false sense of protection.
35. •RPE is divided into two main
types: Respirator & Breathing
apparatus
•Respirator (filtering device)
uses filters to remove
contaminants in the
workplace air, there are two
main types
• Non-powered respirators -
rely on the wearer's
breathing to draw air
through the filter
• Powered respirators - use a
motor to pass air through
36. •Breathing apparatus (BA) - needs a supply
of breathing quality air from an
independent source (eg air cylinder or air
compressor)
•Both respirators and BA are available in
a range of difterent styles, which can be
put into two main groups:
• Tight-fitting facepieces (often
referred to as masks) - rely on
having a good seal with the wearer's
face. These are available as both
non-powered and powered
respirators and BA. Examples are
filtering facepieces, half and full
face masks.
• Loose-fitting facepieces rely on
enough clean air being provided to
the wearer to prevent contaminant
leaking in (only available as powered
41. Types of PPE that can be used
FOR WHOLE BODY
Whole body
• Hazards
• Heat, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks
or spray guns, contaminated dust, impact or penetration,
excessive wear or entanglement of own clothing
• Options
• Conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, aprons,
chemical suits
• The choice of materials includes flame-retardant, anti-
static, chain mail, chemically impermeable, and high-
visibility.
• Don’t forget other protection, like safety harnesses or life
jackets.
42. INDIAN
STANDARDS
FOR PPE
• The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) has brought out many standards describing
the quality of Personal
• Protective Equipment used for the protection of head, eyes, face, arms, hands,
legs, feet and body.
• However, the testing facilities to examine the quality of Personal Protective
Equipment as per the specification laid down by the BIS are available only in
some manufacturing units and government laboratories with specific purpose.
• Specifications for Industrial Safety Helmets (IS: 292 1984) and Specifications
for Leather and Coton Gloves [IS: 690 IPart 1)-1973] are discussed here
43. Specifications for Industrial Safety Helmets (IS: 292 1984):
1. Material:
Shell: non-metallic.
2. Size
Circumference inside headband: Small: 500 540 mm.
Medium : 540-590 mm. Large: 590-640 mm.
3. Essential Parts:
● Shell, peak, ventilation holes.
● Harness consisting of headband.
● Anti-concussion tapes.
● Chin strap.
4. Marking:
The following should be marked on the helmet:
Trademark of manufacturer, size, ISI marking,
and year of manufacture.
5. Mass: 400 g (maximum)
6. Test and Performance Requirements:
● Shock absorption resistance against a wooden
block of 3 kg dropped from a height of 1.5 m.,
● Penetration resistance against a plumb of 500
g with conical steel point falling from a
height of 3 m.,
● Electrical resistance against 2000 V, 50 Hz
for one minute.
● >5% water absorption when immersed in
water for 24 hours at a temperature of 25°C.
● Heat resistance in an oven at 93° t 50°C for
15 min.,
● Non visible damage when a flame from a
barthel Durner (IS: 4355- 1977) is applied on
the shell for 10 seconds,
● Sterilisation and corrosion resistance tests.
44. •Specifications for Leather and Cotton
Gloves [IS: 690 IPart 1)-1973]
•It covers eleven types of industrial gloves made of leather and
cotton.
• Material for leather gloves: Chrome, tanned cow or
young buffalo grain or split leather to conform to the
following requirements:
• Material for cotton drill gloves:
• Cotton drill shall be unbleached 315g/m2 with a
tolerance of 19 g/ sq.m.
• Knitted fabrics for cuffs :2/20 all cotton.
• Thread Cotton sewing thread as per IS: 1720-1969.
• Size, design and stitching: As per IS: 6994 (Part 1)-
1973.
• Markings:
• The gloves shall be legibly stamped on the inside of the
cuffs with the following information:
• Type and nominal size of the gloves, where applicable, the
45. •Specifications for Leather Safety Boots and
Shoes |I 1989 (Part-1 & 2)-1986]:
• Should be ankle high.
• Should have six eyelets (four eyelets or less
in each of safety shoes.)
• Toe should be reinforced with steel toe cap.
• Tongue should be padded.
• Bottom be made of vegetable-tanned sole
leather moulded rubber sole and heel.
• Eyelets be made of aluminum or brass
coated steel of size 10 mm.
• Mass: 1750 g/pair of size of 8 (maximum)
with hobnail, toe tips and heel tips, 1650
z/pair of size 8 (rnaximum) without hob
nails, toe tips and heel tips. The mass shall
increase or decrease by 75g per pair for
each bigger or smaller size respectively.
• Steel toe cap should be as per IS 5852- 1996
and should withstand blows of 14.2 kgf.m.
47. PPE Standards
1. 29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and
Face Protection:
• “The employer shall
ensure that each
employee uses
appropriate eye or face
protection when exposed
to eye or face hazards
from flying particles,
molten metal, liquid
chemicals, acids or
caustic liquids, chemical
gases or vapors, or
48. PPE Standards
2. 29 CFR 1910.134
Respiratory protection:
• “The employer shall
provide a respirator to
each employee when such
equipment is necessary to
protect the health of such
employee.
• The employer shall
provide the respirators
which are applicable and
suitable for the purpose
intended.
• The employer shall be
responsible for the
establishment and
maintenance of a
respiratory protection
49. PPE Standards
3. 29 CFR 1910.135 Head
protection
• “The employer shall ensure that
each affected employee wears a
protective helmet when working
in areas where there is a
potential for injury to the head
from falling objects.
• The employer shall ensure that a
protective helmet designed to
reduce electrical shock hazard is
worn by each such affected
employee when near exposed
electrical conductors which could
contact the head.
50. PPE Standards
4. 29 CFR 1910.136
Occupational foot
protection:
• “The employer shall ensure
that each affected
employee uses protective
footwear when working in
areas where there is a
danger of foot injuries due
to falling or rolling objects,
or objects piercing the
sole, and where such
employee's feet are
exposed to electrical
hazards.”
51. PPE Standards
5. 29 CFR 1910.137 Electrical
protective equipment:
• details the design
requirements for
specific types of
electrical protective
equipment—rubber
insulating blankets,
rubber insulating
matting, rubber
insulating covers,
rubber insulating line
hose, rubber insulating
gloves, and rubber
insulating sleeves used
for the primary
insulation of employees
52. PPE Standards
6. 29 CFR 1910.140 Hand
protection:
• “Employers shall select and
require employees to use
appropriate hand
protection when
employees' hands are
exposed to hazards such as
those from skin absorption
of harmful substances;
severe cuts or lacerations;
severe abrasions;
punctures; chemical burns;
thermal burns; and harmful
temperature extremes.”
53. PPE Standards
7. 29 CFR 1910.132 General requirements:
• says that all PPE has to meet these minimum
requirements:
1. Provide adequate protection against the
particular hazards for which they are designed
2. Be of safe design and construction for the
work to be performed
3. Be reasonably comfortable when worn under
the designated conditions
4. Fit snugly and not unduly interfere with the
movements of the wearer
5. Be durable
6. Be capable of being disinfected
7. Be easily cleanable
8. Be distinctly marked to facilitate identification
only of the manufacturer
54. IS Standards related to
PPEs
HEAD PROTECTION
• IS CODE 2745 : 1983 – Specification for non-metal helmet for
firemen and civil defence personnel.
• IS CODE 2925 : 1984 – Specification Industrial safety helmet.
• IS CODE 4151 : 1993 – Specification for protective helmets for
scooter and motorcycle riders.
BODY PROTECTION
• IS CODE 3521 : 1999 – Industrial safety belt and harness.
• IS CODE 4501 : 1981 – Specification for aprons.
• IS CODE 6153 : 1971 – Protective leather clothing.
• IS CODE 7352 : 1974 – X-ray lead protective aprons.
• IS CODE 8519 : 1977 – Guide for selection industrial safety
equipment for the body.
• IS CODE 8990 : 1978 – Code of practice for care and maintenance
of industrial safety clothing
55. IS Standards related to PPEs
EAR PROTECTION
• IS CODE 6229 : 1980 – Methods for measurement of real-ear protection of hearing
protectors and physical attenuation of ear muffs.
• IS CODE 8520 : 1977 – Guide for selection of industrial safety equipment for eye,
face and ear protection.
• IS CODE 9167 : 1779 – Specification for ear protectors
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
• IS CODE 1179 : 1967 – Equipment for eye and face protection during welding.
• IS CODE 5983 : 1980 – Eye Protector.
• IS CODE 7524 : 1980 – Method of test for eye protectors: -non optical tests. (part -1)
• IS CODE 2521 : 1977 – Industrial safety face shield with plastic visor (part – 1)
• IS CODE 2521 : 1994 – Industrial safety face shield with wire mesh visor (part – 2)
56. FEET AND LEG PROTECTION
• IS CODE 1989 : 1986 – Specification for leather safety boots and shoes – for miners (part
– 1).
• IS CODE 1989 : 1986 – Specification for leather safety boots and shoes -for heavy metal
industries (part – 2)
• IS CODE 3737 : 1966 – Leather safety boots for workers in heavy metal industries.
• IS CODE 3738 : 1998 – Rubber boots – Specification.
• IS CODE 3976 : 2003 – Protective rubber canvas boots for miners – Specification.
HANDS PROTECTION
• IS CODE 2573 : 1986 – Specification for leather, gauntlets and mittens.
• IS CODE 4770 : 1991 – Rubber Gloves – electrical purposes – specification.
• IS CODE 6994 : 1973 – Specification for safety gloves –leather and cotton gloves (part – 1).
• IS CODE 8807 : 1978 – Guide for selection of industrial safety equipment for the
protection of arms and hands.
57. IS Standards related to PPEs
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
• IS CODE 8318 : 1977 – Colour identification markings for air purifying
canisters and cartridges.
• IS CODE 8347 : 1977 – Glossary of terms relating to respiratory
protective devices.
• IS CODE 8522 : 1977 – Respirators chemical cartridge.
• IS CODE 8523 : 1977 – Respirators canister type gas masks.
• IS CODE 9473 : 2002 – Respiratory protective devices -filtering half
masks to protect against particles – specification
• IS CODE 9563 : 1980 – Carbon monoxide filter self rescuers.
58. Monitoring Safety
Performance:
• The primary goal of a safety system is to reduce
operational risks and improve the overall process safety of
a plant over its entire lifecycle.
• In the event of a deviation or failure of the safety system,
Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are there to ensure that
a plant is taken into a safe state, limiting the negative
consequences to people, equipment and the environment.
• It is important that organizations in the process industry
are able to react quickly under variable conditions and
have the capabilities to continuously monitor and evaluate
safety system performance.
• Lets discuss about a few factors which are useful for the
statistical analysis of safety.
59. • Evolution of safety performance indicators is the
best tool for gauging safety performance.
• It helps in determining the main contributor for
accident & determining the cause, learning
about what practice went wrong so that to
prevent reocurrence of such safety accidents &
adopting best practices to improve safety
performance.
• Safety Indices which are indicators are
used as tool for safety performance
measurement for assessment of relative
performance of safety management
system.
• Quantitative measurement of safety
performance gives a proper valve & clear
information about the most & least unsafe work in
terms of lost time injuries & man days lost
between the consecutive years.
• It also helps to find out the deficiency or draw
back in safety management system & to
suggest the safety measures area where safety
improvement is necessary to raise its safety
60. Definitions
● Accident: - An unplanned / unintended occurrence arising out of & in the course of
employment of a person resulting in injury/ damage.
● Near miss:-Nothing really happened because another barrier stopped the event, near misses
indicate holes in the layer of defense.
● Reportable accident: - Accident which occur disablement to work for a period of 48 hr. or
more.
● Non-Disabling injury:-Injury requires medical treatment (First aid) only without causing
disablement.
● Man days lost: Charges in days of earning capacity lost due to permanent disability (total
or death) or due to partial disablement as specified in IS 3786. Man day lost charged
for death (6000 days).
● Man hours worked: The total number of employees hours worked by all employees
working in the industrial premise. It includes managerial, supervisory, and professional,
technical, clerical and other workers including contractor's labor
61. • Disabling Injury ( Lost Time
Injury ) - An injury causing
disablement extending beyond the day
of shift on which the accident
occurred.
• Reportable Disabling Injury
( Reportable Lost Time Injury ) - An
injury causing death or disablement to
an extent as prescribed by the relevant
statute.
62. SAFETY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Frequency rate (F.R) :- Number of lost time injuries per million man hours
worked.
Severity Rate (S.R): Number of man-days lost per million manhours worked.
Incidence Rate (IR) :- Number of lost time injuries per thousand persons employed.
63. Safety Activity Rate -
● The safety activity rate is the overall safety promotional & awareness activity which including
safety training & safety inspection conducted in a year with respect to total employees present &
man hours worked in a year.
● This emphasizes the cost of accident prevention activities against the cost of accident occurrences
incidents.
64. What does
1000000 mean ?
• No of workers in a year = 500
• Daily Hour Worked = 8 hrs
• No. of days worked in a week = 5
days
• Total hours worked in a week = 8
x 5 = 40 hrs
• Total week in a year = 50 week
• So, In a year = 50 week x 40
hrs/week x 500 workers = 10 00
000 man hours
65. Man-Hours
Worked
• The total number of employee-hours worked by
all employees in the industrial premises,
• It includes managerial, supervisory,
professional, technical, clerical and other
workers including contractors, labors etc.
• It shall be calculated from the pay roll or time
clock recorded including overtime.
• When this is not feasible, the same shall be
estimated by multiplying the total man-days
worked for the period covered by the number of
hours worked per day
• Total number of man-days is the sum of the
number of men at work on each day of the
period
66. Example 1
• Using the following data calculate the frequency rate of
accident in an industrial plant.
Number of workers= 500
Number of disabling injuries per year= 5.
Average number of hours worked by worker per year=
2000.
ARJUN P K
67. Frequency Rate
Total number of man hours worked = total number of days *
total number of hours in one day
Workers =5
Days = 5
Hours in one day = 8
Total number of man hours worked = 5*5*8 = 200
Total number of accidents = 2
Frequency rate = 2 *10^6/200 = 104
68. INCIDENT RATE
• 1ST
DAY=3
• 2ND
DAY = 5
• 3RD
DAY = 5
• 4TH
DAY = 2
• 5TH
DAY = 5
• AVERAGE MANPOWER = 3+5+5+2+5/5 = 4
• IF TOTAL NUMBER OF ACCCIDENTS = 2
• Incident rate = 2*1000/4 = 500
69. WORKPLACE HOUSEKEEPING
• Workplace housekeeping may be defined as activities
undertaken to create or maintain an orderly, clean, tidy
and safe working environment.
• Effective housekeeping can eliminate many workplace
hazards and help get work done safely and properly.
• Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping
work areas neat and orderly, maintaining halls and floors
free of slip and trip hazards, and removing of waste
materials (e.g, paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards
from work areas.
• It also requires paying attention to important details
such as layout of the whole workplace, aisle
marking, the adequacy of storage facilities and
maintenance.
• Good housekeeping is also a basic part of incident &
fire protection
• Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation. It is
not a one time or hit-and-miss cleanup done
occasionally.
70. •Effects of bad housekeeping:
• tripping over loose objects on floors,
stairs and platforms
• being hit by falling objects
• slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces
• striking against projecting poorly stacked
items or misplaced material
• cutting puncturing or tearing the skin of
hands or other parts of the body on
projecting nails, wire or steel strapping
•To avoid these hazards, a workplace must
"maintain" order throughout a workday.
Although this effort requires a great deal of
management and planning, the benefits are
many.
71. •Good housekeeping is essential in order to:
• Make and maintain a clean, neat and orderly factory work area
and its surroundings.
• Make work areas look pleasant, more satisfying and motivative
for a worker to work.
• Minimize fatigue and discomfort to the workers.
• Minimize injury and accidents.
• Increase the life of plant, building and the facilities it contains.
• Avoid fire and other hazards.
• Permit effective natural illumination and ventilation.
Necessity of Good
Housekeeping:
72. •Effective housekeeping results in:
• Fewer accidents.
• Increased life of building, machinery, tools, etc.
• Improved employee morale.
• Increased production.
• Better product quality.
• Continuous cleaning reduces housekeeping
costs because intermittent cleanup is more
expensive.
• Little or no time is lost in searching for tools etc.
• Material handling and transportation pick up
speed.
• Inspection, maintenance and production
control functions become easier.
• Much floor space otherwise occupied by unused
raw material and tools, etc. is released for
•Advantages of good
housekeeping
73. Elements Of An Effective
Housekeeping Program
• The maintenance of buildings and equipment may be the
most important element of good housekeeping.
• Maintenance involves keeping buildings, equipment
and machinery in safe efficient working order and
in good repair.
• It include maintaining sanitary facilities and regularly
painting and cleaning walls.
• Broken windows, damaged doors, detective
plumbing and broken floor surfaces can make a
workplace look neglected; these conditions can cause
incidents and affect work practices.
• So it is important to replace or fix broken or damaged
items as quickly as possible. A good maintenance
program provides for the inspection, maintenance,
upkeep and repair of tools, equipment, machines and
processes.
1. Maintenance
74. • Enclosures and exhaust ventilation systems may fail to
collect dust, dirt and chips adequately.
• Vacuum cleaners are suitable for removing light dust and dirt
that is not otherwise hazardous.
• Industrial models have special fittings for cleaning
walls, ceilings, ledges, machinery and other hard-to-
reach places where dust and dirt may accumulate.
• Special-purpose vacuums are useful for removing hazardous
products. For example, vacuum cleaners fitted with HEPA
(high efficiency particulate air) filters may be used to
capture fine particles of asbestos or fibreglass.
• Dampening (wetting) floors or using sweeping
compounds before sweeping reduces the amount of
airborne dust
• The dust and grime that collect in places like shelves,
piping, conduits, light fixtures, reflectors, windows,
cupboards and lockers may require manual cleaning.
• Compressed air should not be used for removing dust,
dirt or chips from equipment or work surfaces.
2. Dust and Dirt Removal
75. 3. Employee Facilities
• Employee facilities need to be adequate, clean and well maintained.
• Lockers may be necessary for storing employees personal belongings.
• Washroom facilities require cleaning once or more each shift. They also
need to have a good supply of soap, towels plus disinfectants, if needed.
• If workers are using hazardous products, employee facilities should provide
special precautions as needed such as showers, washing facilities and change
rooms. Some facilities may require two locker rooms with showers between.
Using such double locker rooms allows workers to shower off workplace
• Contaminants and reduces the chance of contaminating their “street
clothes" by keeping their work clothes separated from the clothing that
they wear home.
• Smoking, eating or drinking in the work area should be prohibited where
hazardous products are handled.
• The eating should be separate from the work area and should be cleaned
properly each shift.
76. 4. SURFACES
•Floors:
• Poor floor conditions are a leading cause of incidents so
cleaning up spilled oil and other liquids at once is
important.
• Allowing chips, shavings and dust to accumulate can
also cause incidents.
• Trapping chips, shavings and dust before
they reach floor or cleaning them up
regularly can prevent their accumulation.
• Areas that cannot be cleaned continuously,
such as entrance ways, should have anti-slip
flooring.
• Keeping floor in good order also means
replacing any worn, ripped, or damaged
flooring that poses a tripping hazard.
77. •Walls:
• Light-coloured walls reflect light while dirty or
dark coloured walls absorb light.
• Contrasting colours warn of physical hazards and
mark obstructions such as pillars.
• Paint can highlight railings, guards and other
safety equipment, but should never be used as a
substitute for guarding.
• The program should outline the regulations and
standards for colours.
78. • .
• Aisles and Stairways
• Aisles should be wide enough to accommodate
people and vehicles comfortably and safely.
• Aisle space allows for the movement of people,
products and materials.
• Warning signs and mirrors can improve sight-lines
in blind corners.
• Arranging aisles properly encourages people to
use them so that they do not take shortcuts
through hazardous areas.
• Keeping aisles and stairways clear is important.
• They should not be used for temporary
"overflow" or "bottleneck" storage.
• Stairways and aisles also require adequate
lighting.
• Maintain Light Fixtures
• Dirty light fixtures reduce essential light
levels.
• Clean light fixtures can improve lighting
efficiency significantly
79. • Tools and Equipment
• Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool room,
on the rack, in the yard, or on the bench.
• Tools require suitable fixtures with marked locations to provide
an orderly arrangement.
• Returning tools promptly after use reduces the chance of it being
misplaced or lost.
• Workers should regularly inspect, clean and repair all tools and
take any damaged or worn tools out of service.
• Spill Control
• The best way cleaning and maintaining machines and the best
way to control spills is to stop them before they happen.
• Regularly cleaning and maintaining machines and equipment
is one way.
• Another is to use drip pans and guards where possible spills
might occur.
• When spills do occur, it is important to clean them up
immediately.
• Absorbent materials are useful for wiping up greasy, oily or
other liquid spills.
• Used absorbents must be disposed of properly other and
safely.
80. • Waste Disposal
• The regular collection, grading and sorting of scrap contribute to good housekeeping practices. It also
makes it possible to separate materials that can be recycled from those going to waste disposal facilities.
• Allowing material to build up on the floor wastes time and energy since additional time is required for
cleaning it up.
• Placing scrap containers near where the waste is produced encourages orderly waste disposal and
makes collection easier.
• All waste receptacles should be clearly labelled (e.g, recyclable glass, plastic, scrap metal, etc.).
81. i)Storage
● Good organization of stored materials is
essential for overcoming material storage
problems whether on a temporary or
permanent basis.
● There will also be fewer strain injuries if the
amount of handling is reduced, especially if less
manual material handling is required.
● The location of the stockpiles should not
interfere with work but they should still be
readily available when required.
● Stored materials should allow at least one
metre (or about three feet) of clear space
under sprinkler heads.
● Stored materials should not obstruct aisles,
stairs, exits, fire equipment, emergency
eyewash fountains, emergency showers, or
first aid stations. All storage should be
clearly marked.
● Flammable, combustible, toxic and other
hazardous material should be stored in
approved containers in designated areas that
are appropriate for the different hazards that
they pose.
83. 5S CONCEPT OF HOUSEKEEPING
• A well-designed and implemented program of 5S would instill discipline and change the
attitude of employees toward work.
• It is considered one of the foundation level techniques for continuous improvement.
• The 5S was invented in Japan and it stands for the five Japanese words that start with the
letter 'S': Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu,and Shitsuke.
• 5S occupies a prominent place as
one of the basic tools to enhance
the quality of the workplace.
• In fact, it forms the foundation
for all improvement efforts.
• It is an acronym for five Japanese
words and denotes a step-by-step
approach for developing a clean
and well-organized workplace.
84. 5S is a Lean method intended to implement order in the workplace.
The goal of 5S is to improve efficiency by eliminating various wastes,
including the waste of motion and time spent looking for tools,
materials or information.
Other benefits include improved safety and morale due to a more
effective work environment.
• What Is the Goal of 5S?
85. SORT : Seiri
Purge and organize work area.
SET IN ORDER : Seiton
Understand where items belong to be easily accessible when needed.
SHINE : Seiso
Clean work area to be free of dirt and clutter.
STANDARDIZE : Seiketsu
Document and enforce/reward successful 5S behaviors.
SUSTAIN : Shitsuke
Continuously audit and improve process.
What Is the 5S Process?
88. a) Seiri (Sort)
● The first step of the 5 S processes, seiri, refers to the act of throwing away all the unwanted, unnecessary and
unrelated materials in the workplace.
● The idea is to ensure that everything left in the workplace related to the work.
● Even the number of necessary items in the workplace must be kept to its absolute minimum.
● Because of seiri, the simplification of tasks, an effective use of space, and the careful purchase of the items
follow.
● The most effective method to implement Seiri is to place/ attach a red tag to all unneeded items and move them
to a location outside the work area for storage until disposed off.
● Sorting is an excellent way to free up valuable space and eliminate such things as obsolete stock, used and
broken tools,etc. irreparable jigs and fixtures, non-renewable jobs, surplus stocks
89. •Red Tagging:
•A method to identify items that
will eventually be removed from
an area. Contains Data describing:
• Red Tag No.
• Name/Description of
item
• Reason for Tagging
• Date Tagged
• Current Location
•Create a log maintained by the Red Tag Area
Manager.
•How to Use the Red Tag Method:
•Place items with red tags from sorted areas into the
Red Tag holding area.
•Keep items highly visible.
•Clearly label items.
•Assign a Red Tag Manager.
•Document rules for:
– Placing items in Red Tag area
– Removal of items
90. Benefits expected from Seiri
(sort):
1.Seiri (sorts) saves productive work.
2.It prevents incidents of unnecessary
things.
3.It provides clarity as to what is in stock.
4.It reduces unnecessary handling, as there
are less number of items to handle.
5.It reduces the number of lockers/cabinets
for storage (as numbers of filed
papers/items stored are reduced)
91. ● Seiton means systematic, orderly, efficient, and effective arrangement of items in use.
● For effective storage, answers to the following questions are required.
○ What items are to be stored?
○ Where should the items be stored?
○ What quantity of the items is generally required to be stored?
○ Are there any special storage requirements?
○ How often the items are to be stored or retrieved?
Therefore , Seiton means, "to arrange correctly, following correct method of doing activities and
making thorough preparation so that the activities can be performed even if they occur abruptly."
Since arranging correctly is a natural follow up activity after segregation, seiri and seiton are often used
and practiced together.
b) Seiton ( Set in order) [Straighten]
92. A place for everything and everything in its place.
93. Benefits
of
Seiton:
Easy retrieval of materials.
Time taken to search is minimized.
Unnecessary purchase is avoided.
Categorize files, mails, papers, etc.
based on specific criterion
Compartmentalize
cabinets/drawers/shelves/ desks.
Determine the quantity of each item
and plan storage according to pre-
fixed quantity.
Plan storage to ensure easy
retrievability (within pre-set target
time).
Color code items for easy
identification.
Keep files/binders vertically and not
laid out.
Plan storage of compact disks to
prevent them from getting scratched.
Install visual control for the
replenishment of stocks and checking
missing items.
Observe a Paper destruction day once
every quarter of the year.
94. c) Seiso (Shine)
• Seiso is cleaning the workplace completely so that there is no dust on the floor, machines,
and equipment.
• The objective of seiso is to return items, jigs/fixtures, molds, equipment, and other utilities
and workplaces used during work to their original clean and polished condition by
removing scrap and leftovers and wiping all surfaces to make dust/ dirt free.
• The presence of dust can cause abrasions, scratches, blockages, leakages, bad connection
(electrical defects), quality defects (e.g. painting on dusty surfaces), variability (e.g. wrong
measurements and lack of process control)..
• People generally take pride in working in clean and clutter-free area and
sparkling/shining helps to create ownership of the equipment and facility.
• Cleaning is not a one-time activity. Some sort of standards of cleaning needs to be
developed and regular follow up is necessary to sustain this improvement.
• This can be done with the help of making checklists the example is shown in below.
95. The activities necessary to implement Seiso in the organization:
1. Keep the machines and workplace clean through sweeping floor and surroundings, dusting to make dirt free,
cobweb free wiping to make oil/grease, free polishing and painting
2. Clean machines/work table before the start of the daily routine. Eliminate leakage/spillage.
3. Brainstorm for creative ideas to make cleaning and inspection easier.
4. Clean even places most people don't notice. Remove scrap to avoid scratching.
5. Clean elements to remove dirt that cause sub-standard performance.
6. Clean electrical contacts to avoid bad connections ( eg: electrical contacts, pushbuttons, switches, etc.)
7. Dust off dirt inside the computer .
8. Remove oil and dust before painting to ensure a better finish.
9. Prepare a schedule for cleaning and assign clear-cut responsibilities.
10. Conduct inspection to unearth problems, identify root causes, and establish corrective action.
11. Carry out daily follow-up cleaning to sustain this improvement.
12. Clean up machine, jigs/fixtures, tools/gauges, etc. after use.
13. Place trash bins at strategic places and empty them at the end of the shift/day.
14. Clean up supply lines and coolant tanks; spray paint booth, water storage tank, material handling trolleys.
15. Dust off parts, components, items lying on shelves in store.
96. • Early identification of
problems like cracks/oil
leakage.
• Greater confidence of
customers.
• Improved product quality
• Pride for the employees.
•Benefits of Seiso:
97. d) Seiketsu
(Standardize)
• The first three steps of 5S cover the
basics of clearing, organizing, and
cleaning a work space; on their
own, those steps will provide short-
term benefits.
• The fourth step simply means
Standardize, or "seiketsu," which
standardization. By writing down
what is being done, where, and by
whom, we can incorporate the new
practices into normal work
procedure. This paves the way for
long-term change.
98. Tools for Standardizing ● 5S checklists : Listing the individual steps
of a process makes it easy for workers to
follow the process completely. It also
provides a simple auditing tool to check
progress later on.
● Job cycle charts - identify each task to be
performed in a work area, and decide on a
schedule or frequency for each of those tasks.
Then, assign responsibility to a particular worker
(or job duty). The resulting chart can be posted
visibly to resolve questions and promote
accountability
● Procedure labels and signs: Provide operating
instructions, cleaning steps, and maintenance
procedures right where that information will be
needed.
99. e) Shitsuke (Sustain)
• Shitsuke means self-discipline. It denotes
commitment to maintain orderliness and to
practice the first 4S as a way of life.
• The emphasis of shitsuke is the elimination of
the bad habits and constant practice of the
good ones.
• Once a true shitsuke is achieved, the
personnel voluntarily observe cleanliness
and orderliness at all times, without
having to be reminded by the
management.
• One must train oneself to keep the 4S
principles and realize that by following
the 5S, ultimately the work will become
easier.
• Shitsuke is the most difficult 'S' to
implement and achieve
• Since human nature is to resist change, many
organiza returns to the status quo (i.e. end up
with a dirty cluttered shop) a few weeks
following the implementation of 5S.
100. Methodology of Shitsuke (Sustain)
1. Monitor the refined methods consistently.
2. Maintain the defined methods for
continuous improvement.
3. Establish norms and follow them.
4. Keep repeating the 1 to 4 'S'
103. Advantages of 5S System
Reduction in errors/defects due to standardized procedures.
Consistent and improved quality.
Higher productivity.
Lesser accidents.
Higher morale of employees.
Gets to work in a clean, organized, and clutter-free workplace.
Lesser time to retrieve things when required.
More useable space.
Reduction in machine downtime.
105. Disadvantages of using the 5S method
The major problems with 5S appear when it is not properly understood, used, or implemented.
1.Misunderstanding of what 5S accomplishes
2.Resistance to change
3.Not addressing problems in the workplace
4.Lack of management support
108. • Permits to work are special
authorization documentation that
ensures adequate risk has been
accessed for the process and a level
of control has been put in place to
reduce the severity, likelihood, and
potential of an incident occurring
• A permit to work (PTW) system is a
process to keep employees safe
during hazardous and nonstandard
operations. It involves assessing
the risks, establishing a proper
safety protocol based on the risks,
and proper communication
throughout the entire process.
• The PTW system is designed to
109. WORK PERMIT
SYSTEM
• Work Permit System or Permit-To-Work (PTW)
system is a formal written system used to
control and execute
• certain types of jobs safely, which are identified
as potentially hazardous.
• It is also a means of communication between
different departments, plant supervisors,
operators, agencies etc.
• Before starting any job in an area, it must be
ensuring that it is safe to work in the
environment as well as with the machinery,
equipment involved. In order to ensure that no
work has to start before ascertaining the safe
conditions, work permit system is being
followed.
• The work permit specifies the conditions and
procedures for safe execution of the work and
allows the work to be carried out under
110. Objectives of Work Permit System
• Give written permission to carry out a task
• Ensure every aspect of the work is planned
• Make sure every aspect of the work is checked
• Put risk assessments and method statements
into action
• Communicate health and safety information
• Provide a procedure to ensure essential
controls remain in place
• Provide a procedure to return the area to a
safe state on completion of the work
• Give a means of communication
111. Work not requiring
the permit
• Routine work in established workshop
and adjacent yard with boundaries.
• Routine material handling work in
warehouses and lay down area.
• Routine office work.
• Visual inspection or checking without
using any tools in operation area of
verbal permission from assist
custodians.
• Work carried out by operation
employees as their daily start up and
shutdown of plant.
• Work carried out in designated area
which has declared as work permit free
by Client.
• Any work approved by Client on special
113. Types of
work
permits:
Cold work permit (Green color) is
required for any job which does not
involve or use of any source of
ignitions, spark, and fire.
Hot work permit (Red color) is
required for any job which involves or
use of source of ignition, spark, and
fire.
Confined space entry authorization
(Yellow color) is required to enter into
the confined space.
Excavation Authorization is associated
with permit for excavation job, which
having validity of 1 month and can be
renewed for 3 months at least 3 days
before expiry.
115. • A hot work permit is a permit that
is needed in some countries, and
on some job sites, in order to
perform work that involves a
source of ignition when flammable
materials are in the vicinity or that
can be considered a fire hazard.
• Welding, soldering, cutting and
brazing are all considered hot work,
as is grinding and drilling in the
presence of flammable materials
•HOTWORK PERMITS
116. ○ The fitness and readiness-to-use of all the involved equipment must be tested
○ Task-specific personal protective equipment/ gear should be available at the site
and workers must be well- qualified on how to use, clean, and store them
properly
○ Examine the workplace completely and eliminate any visual hazards
○ All combustible and flammable materials should be kept away from the
workplace
○ All appropriate fire extinguishers and first-aid boxes should be available and
easily accessible
○ Examine the area after completing the hot work to make sure that wall surfaces and
wires have not heated up
○ Comply with applicable regulatory requirements and legislation in the
sector/location.
●Before performing hot work, the
worker should consider following
117. ○ Flying sparks: This is one of the major risks
associated with hot work. Sparks created during
hot work can get stuck in pipes, gaps, openings,
and other small cracks. This can possibly
smoulder and cause a fire.
○ Flammable residues: There is a lot of combustible
hot debris and residue leftover from hot work.
This could result in a massive blaze.
○ Hot surfaces: During hot work, there may be
many flammable goods or materials that may
remain in the surface. They may come into
contact with a hot surface during the activity
and quickly cause a fire.
○ Circulation of heat when working on pipes: Hot
labor can overheat a pipe. This heat could easily
transfer to another flammable surface through
conduction, resulting in a fire.
○ Explosive environment: There may be highly
combustible fumes or gases in the air, that might
cause a fire if exposed to hot work.
118. COLD WORK
PERMITS
• Cold work permits are green colored
permit issued for hazardous
maintenance work that does not
involve the ignition hazards found in
hot work.
• Cold work situations are determined by
conducting a risk assessment for the
task and the working environment. If no
flammable or explosive risks are
identified, a cold work permit is
sufficient for carrying out
• Cold work permits are green colored
permits issued for the work.
119. Some examples include:
● Chemical cleaning or the use of solvents,
● Handling of hazardous substances (e.g.,
toxic/corrosive chemicals, asbestos, etc.)
● The Use of resins typically used during blade
repairs, any painting activity,
● Heavy lifts (refer to Crane/Lifting procedure
for definition),
● Erecting or dismantling scaffolds,
● Any non-routine and potentially hazardous
activity,
● Any activity requiring specific control
measures to confirm safety.
121. ENTRY INTO CONFINED
SPACES
Generally speaking, a confined space is fully or partially confined space that:
● Is not primarily designed or intended for continuous human occupancy.
● Has limited or restricted entrance or exit or configuration that can complicate first aid, rescue or evacuation or other
emergency response activities
● Can represent a risk for the health and safety because of following factors:
○ its design, construction, location or atmosphere
○ the materials or substances in it
○ work activities being carried out in it, or the
○ mechanical, process and safety hazards present
● Confined spaces can be below or above ground. Confined spaces can be found in almost any workplace. A
confined space, despite its name, is not necessarily small.
● Examples of confined spaces include silos, vats, hoppers, utility vaults, tanks, water supply towers, sewers, pipes,
access shafts, truck or rail tank cars, aircraft wings, boilers, manholes, pump stations,digesters, manure pits and storage
bins. Ditches, wells, and trenches may also be a confined space when access or egress is limited (but they still have
"blue sky" above). Barges, shipping containers and fish holds are also considered as possible confined spaces.
122. Hazards in a Confined Space
● All hazards found in a regular workspace can also be found in a confined space. However, they can
be even more hazardous in a confined space than in a regular worksite.
● Hazards in confined spaces can include:
○ Poor air quality: Insufficient amount of oxygen for the worker to breathe.
○ Toxic gases that could make the worker ill or cause the worker to lose consciousness.
○ Asphyxiants - simple asphyxiants are gases which can displace oxygen in the air (normally about
21 percent). Low oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less) can cause symptoms such as rapid breathing,
rapid heart rate clumsiness, emotional upset, and fatigue. As less oxygen becomes available, nausea
and vomiting collapse, convulsions, coma and death can occur. Unconsciousness or death could
result within minutes following exposure to a simple asphyxiant. Asphyxiants include argon,
nitrogen or carbon monoxide.
123. ● Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion (as well as inhalation of toxic gases
● Fire hazard - An explosive or flammable atmosphere due to flammable liquids and gases and combustible dusts
which, if ignited, would lead to fire, or explosion or explosion.
● Process related hazards- such as residual chemicals, or as well as inhalation of toxic gases, release of contents of a
supply line.
● Physical hazards noise, heat/cold, radiation, vibration, electrical, and inadequate lighting
● Safety hazards - such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards, engulfment, entanglement, slips, or falls.
● Vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
● Shifting or collapse of bulk material (engulfment).
● Barrier failure that results in a flood or release of free flowing solid or liquid.
● Visibility - such as smoke particles in air.
● Biological hazards - viruses, bacteria from fecal matter and sludge, fungi, or moulds.
124. Entering a Confined Space
● The important thing to remember is that each time a worker plans to enter any work space, the worker
should determine if that work space is considered a confined space.
● Before entering any confined space, a trained and experienced person should identify and evaluate all the
existing and potential hazards within the confined space.
● Evaluate activities both inside and outside the confined space.
● Air quality testing: The air within the confined space should be tested from outside of the confined space
before entry into the confined space. Care should be taken to ensure that air is tested throughout the confined
space, side-to-side and top to bottom
● Continuous monitoring should be considered in situation where a worker is in a space where atmospheric
conditions have the potential to change (e.g., broken or leaking pipe vessels, work activities create a
hazardous environment isolation of a substance is not possible).
125. ● A trained worker using detection equipment which has remote probes and sampling lines should do
the air quality testing. Always ensure the testing equipment is properly calibrated and maintained.
● The sampling should show that:
○ The oxygen content is within safe limits - not too little and not too much.
○ A hazardous atmosphere (toxic gases, flammable atmosphere) is not present.
○ Ventilation equipment is operating properly.
The results of the tests for these hazards are to be recorded on the Entry Permit along with the equipment or
method(s) that were used in performing the tests.
126. Hazards controlled in confined spaces
● The traditional hazard control methods found in regular worksites can be effective in a confined space.
● These include engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment.
● Engineering controls are designed to remove the hazard while administrative controls and personal protective
equipment try to minimize the contact with the hazard.
● However, often because of the nature of the confined space and depending on the hazard, special precautions
not normally required in a regular worksite may also need to be taken.
● The engineering control commonly used in confined spaces is mechanical ventilation.
● The entry permit system is an example of an administrative control used in confined spaces. Personal protective
equipment (such as respirators, gloves, hearing protection, etc.) is commonly used in confined spaces as well.
● However, wearing of PPE sometimes may increase heat and loss of mobility. Those situations should be
carefully evaluated.
● When using PPE, always use as part of a PPE program and be sure to evaluate all possible hazards and risks
associated with PPE use.
127. Air quality maintained
● Natural ventilation (natural air currents) is usually not reliable and not sufficient to maintain the air quality.
● Mechanical ventilation (e.g., blowers, fans) is usually necessary to maintain air quality.
● If mechanical ventilation is provided, there should be a warning system in place to immediately notify the worker
in the event of a hazard or a failure in the ventilator equipment.
● Care should be taken to make sure the air being provided by the ventilation system to the confined space is 'clean
throughout the entire space.
● Ease of air movement throughout the confined space should be considered because of the danger of pockets of
toxic gases still remaining even with the use of mechanical ventilation.
● Do not substitute oxygen for fresh air. Increasing the oxygen content will significantly increase the risk of fire and
explosion.
● The use of mechanical ventilation should be noted on the entry permit.
● Ensure air being removed from the confined space exhausted away from workers on the outside.
128. Fire and explosion prevented
Work where a flame is used or a source of ignition produced (hot work) should not normally be performed in a confined space unless:
● All flammable gases, liquids and vapors are removed before the start of any hot work.
● Mechanical ventilator is usually used to
○ Keep the concentration of flammable hazardous substance less than 10% of it’s Lower Explosive Limit
○ Make sure that the oxygen content in the confined space is not enriched. Oxygen content should be less than 23% but
maintained at levels greater than 19.5%. (These numbers can vary slightly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.)
● Surfaces coated with combustible material should be cleaned or shielded to prevent ignition.
● Do not bring fuel or fuel containers into the confined space (e.g., gasoline, propane), if possible.
● Ensure welding equipment is in good condition.
● Where appropriate, use spark-resistant tools, and make sure all equipment is grounded properly.
● While doing the hot work, the concentrations of oxygen and combustible materials must be monitored to make sure that the oxygen
levels remain in the proper range and the levels of the flammable products combustible materials do not get higher than 10%
of the Lower Explosive Limit.
● In special cases it may not be possible, and additional precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of the worker prior to entering
the confined space.
129. Other safety precautions
Many other situations or hazards may be present in a confined space. Be sure that all hazards are controlled, for
example:
● Any liquids or free-flowing solids should be removed from the confined space to eliminate the risk of drowning
or suffocation.
● All pipes should be physically disconnected or isolation blanks bolted in place. Closing valves is not sufficient.
● Use two blocking valves, with an open vent or bleed valve between the blocking valves when isolating pipelines
or similar conveyances to prevent entry of materials and hazardous contaminants.
● A barrier is present to prevent any liquids or free-flowing solids from entering the confined space.
● The opening for entry into and exit from the confined space must be large enough to allow the passage of a
person using protective equipment.
130. Confined Spaces Permit
● The confined space entry certificates(unless detailed on a hot work or cold work permit) are used to specify the
precautions to be taken to eliminate exposure to dangerous fumes or to an oxygen-depleted atmosphere before the
person is permitted to enter the confined space.
● The certificate should confirm that the space is free from dangerous fumes or asphyxiating gases.
● It should also recognize the possibility of fumes desorbing from residues, oxygen depletion of the atmosphere as
a result of the oxidation, or the ingress of airborne contaminants from the adjacent sources.
● The certificate should specify the precautions to be taken to protect the enclosed atmosphere against these
hazards,
e.g forced ventilation, physical isolation or the provision of personal protective equipment including the
breathing apparatus.
![INDIAN
STANDARDS
FOR PPE
• The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) has brought out many standards describing
the quality of Personal
• Protective Equipment used for the protection of head, eyes, face, arms, hands,
legs, feet and body.
• However, the testing facilities to examine the quality of Personal Protective
Equipment as per the specification laid down by the BIS are available only in
some manufacturing units and government laboratories with specific purpose.
• Specifications for Industrial Safety Helmets (IS: 292 1984) and Specifications
for Leather and Coton Gloves [IS: 690 IPart 1)-1973] are discussed here](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ises7eeemod2-1-250804084434-db65ca2c/85/ISE-note-for-apj-abdulkalam-ktu-syllabus-42-320.jpg)
![•Specifications for Leather and Cotton
Gloves [IS: 690 IPart 1)-1973]
•It covers eleven types of industrial gloves made of leather and
cotton.
• Material for leather gloves: Chrome, tanned cow or
young buffalo grain or split leather to conform to the
following requirements:
• Material for cotton drill gloves:
• Cotton drill shall be unbleached 315g/m2 with a
tolerance of 19 g/ sq.m.
• Knitted fabrics for cuffs :2/20 all cotton.
• Thread Cotton sewing thread as per IS: 1720-1969.
• Size, design and stitching: As per IS: 6994 (Part 1)-
1973.
• Markings:
• The gloves shall be legibly stamped on the inside of the
cuffs with the following information:
• Type and nominal size of the gloves, where applicable, the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ises7eeemod2-1-250804084434-db65ca2c/85/ISE-note-for-apj-abdulkalam-ktu-syllabus-44-320.jpg)
![•Specifications for Leather Safety Boots and
Shoes |I 1989 (Part-1 & 2)-1986]:
• Should be ankle high.
• Should have six eyelets (four eyelets or less
in each of safety shoes.)
• Toe should be reinforced with steel toe cap.
• Tongue should be padded.
• Bottom be made of vegetable-tanned sole
leather moulded rubber sole and heel.
• Eyelets be made of aluminum or brass
coated steel of size 10 mm.
• Mass: 1750 g/pair of size of 8 (maximum)
with hobnail, toe tips and heel tips, 1650
z/pair of size 8 (rnaximum) without hob
nails, toe tips and heel tips. The mass shall
increase or decrease by 75g per pair for
each bigger or smaller size respectively.
• Steel toe cap should be as per IS 5852- 1996
and should withstand blows of 14.2 kgf.m.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ises7eeemod2-1-250804084434-db65ca2c/85/ISE-note-for-apj-abdulkalam-ktu-syllabus-45-320.jpg)
![● Seiton means systematic, orderly, efficient, and effective arrangement of items in use.
● For effective storage, answers to the following questions are required.
○ What items are to be stored?
○ Where should the items be stored?
○ What quantity of the items is generally required to be stored?
○ Are there any special storage requirements?
○ How often the items are to be stored or retrieved?
Therefore , Seiton means, "to arrange correctly, following correct method of doing activities and
making thorough preparation so that the activities can be performed even if they occur abruptly."
Since arranging correctly is a natural follow up activity after segregation, seiri and seiton are often used
and practiced together.
b) Seiton ( Set in order) [Straighten]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ises7eeemod2-1-250804084434-db65ca2c/85/ISE-note-for-apj-abdulkalam-ktu-syllabus-91-320.jpg)
